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I THE \ 

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I SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLICS, | 



vs. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



"®x fiQhi witlx meje, ov Xjctsc thij Ian tie, 
^o hctUx tcrmes may bejc." 

— Remains of Ancient Poetry. 



It 

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By a True American. 

New York, 

1900. 



Jj 



i 



SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLICS. 



vs. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



SiUs^^jLn^ J C^ckn-J F'«TJtA"rv«S»Cfc: 



*'0A Civilization! in Thy pure name 

Bequeath! d are lawless acts, like these, by Fame; 
Beneath Religion' s veil, transpiercing Thine, 

The evil lustre of such black deeds shine. 
Blush / blasphem'd Goddess, that malignant Man 
Mars with low Crime Thy vast progressive plan." 

— Civilization and the Indian, 1891 



By a True American. 

New York, 

1900. 



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Ko 






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DEDICATED 

io l^e cats§e of 

LIBGRTY. 



"TTtieTe is a spirit, -ooiOT'kiiig in ttie -world, 

Iii'k.e to a silent, s-abterranean lire; 
Yet eirer and anon some monaroli liurl'd 

fi-gTaast and pale, attests its leariul ire." 

—Hill. 

"OTa il tliere 1)6 on tlvis eartlily spliere 

fi. l)Oon, an oliering, Iveairen liolds dear, 
Tis tlie last liljation lAilierty dra^^rs 

"From tlie lieart tliat bleeds and brealLa in Her oause.'» 

—Moore. 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2010 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/southafricanrepuOOslee 



THE 



SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLICS, 



vs. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



** Or Jighte with mee, or lose thy lande, 
No better terTnes may bee.'^ 

— Remains of Ancient Poetry. 



By a True American. 

New York, 

1900. 






t\rh 



0' 



Hbbenba. 

A LAST APPEAL FOR A SUFFERING PEOPLE. 

"Princes and lords may flourish or may fade, 

A. breath can maka them as a hreath hath made, 
Jiut a bold 'peasantry ; thdlr country' s pride, 
'Whdn once destroyed, can never be sxippMed .'''' 

Since April, when the preceding matter was sent to press, events hare 
been momentous in the history of the Conquest of South Africa; to the 
dishonor and humiliation of an acquiescent world. 

The armies of patriotism and 2:)rinciple have bee a forced from iDosition 
after position, impregnable in vast natural frontal strength but yet un- 
tenable, simply because the immense forces of oppression andi^iracy would 
have been able in every case to surround and isolate or starve out any de- 
fenders of their country imitating Cronje in his rash bnt admirably hero- 
ic stand. All, however,, is not yet lost and had the United States a true- 
hearted representative Executive and Congress at its helui wishful to vin- 
dicate its olden policy, or any of the other great Powers ef the world, a ru- 
ler endowed with a spark of the chivalry of a Gustavus Adolphus or the 
all-daring courage of a Catharina of Thuringia braving an Alva, Britain 
Avould not, even at this late hour, be j)ermitted to crush out the lives and 
liberty of an irreplaceable people in, as her minion Roberts arrogantly 
declares, "settling this affair in her own way." 

But the nations, sordidly engrossed in promoting their commercial pros- 
perity, corruptly bought over by England, or fearfully craving present 
peace at whatever future cost, have remained supinely inert, criminally in- 
different to one of the gravest issues of the age; even the colonies of the 
infamous spoiler who could have so greatly aided the Boers while securing 
their own freedom, have foolishly sacrificed oneof the greatest opportuni- 
ties that could ever j^resent itself for their improval. And the eloquent 
speeches and stirring essays born of the enlightened and far-seeing minds 
amongst us have fallen for the most part like seed on barren soil, leaving 
few visible traces of vitality as evinced by the actions of those in whose 
souls they were meant to germinate. 

This conclusively demonstrates that the self-same, much-decried, Brute 
Force actuating the barbarian Goth, Vandal and Hun of yore, still rules 



supreme over the so-called civilized peoples of the present day, and that 
Thought, as expressed by the Voice and the Pen is palsied before the up. 
lifted Sword. Must we then reverse the eloquent maxim aptly placed in the 
mouth of Richelieu by the gifted Bulwer? For the present, perhaps, yes!; 
In the future, we trust, no! "Thought is mighty and will prevail," 
but its labors, though herculean, are unseen and slow, while the years that 
come and go, fraught with events we, in our brief existence, deem moment- 
ous; are but as one star in the boundless universe or a single animalcule in 
the mile-deep ocean; exhaustless, incalculable, infinite! 

It has required hundreds of years for the evolution of a middle class out of 
the ignorant masses constituting serfdom, centuries" on centuries to abolish 
slavery even amongst the most advanced peoples, and ages and ages, perhaps 
hundreds of thousands of years, nay millions, to bring life upon our planet 
to what it is today. Geology has proved this latter. Geology that waged 
its long and bitter struggle against the fanatic bigotry of Religion with the 
mute, significant testimony of the layer of the rock, tlie ring of the redwood^ 
the growth of the dragon-tree, the annual blue deposits of the mud of the 
Nile, and the vast but inconceivably gradual evaporation of the Stassfurt in- 
land sea; Geology that, triumphing over its insensate opponent, is adopted 
^y its former foe today! though it values not its ado2yter. 

Let those who despair of any great eventual improvement of our kind, re- 
flect on this and think of the generations after generations doubtless to » uc- 
ceed ours for unimaginable ages, and hope! 

But though Nature would seem to design, in this instance of the Boers, 
the present suppression of Liberty, there is no reason we should view this 
apathetically as indifferent, impotent, onlookers. We should strive to our 
utmost to expedite that upliftment of Truth and Justice which is undoubt- 
edly ultimately certain though probably slow; else are we lesser partners in 
this guilt. "===Hear this trnth snbllme, 

He who permits oppression, shares the crime." 
In this, I firmly believe, we are free agents; desjDite the assertions of some 
ultra-fatalists who support a theory that there is a subtle, ineluctable force cr 
civilizing poii^er, oj^erating undeviatingly in all nature for the ultimate per- 
fectment of the world,regardless of the incidental sufferings of one or more 
individuals or nations, that human resistance cannot check nor alter howev- 
er greatly it may be incited by occasional vagaries in the procedure of that 
power appealing to its sense cf injustice or awakening its compassion. 



And considering the progress made by the British in subjugating the Af- 
rikanders, pretty prompt action raiust be taken if Man and not Time is to be 
the chief factor in their enfranchisement, — as one or the other surely will. 

Roberts has taken Pretoria, over-run the Transvaal, (the magnanimity of 
the Boers in sparing the Johannesburg mines and machinery has apparently 
passed for nothing — in a war for freedom against an unscrupulous aggress- 
or there is such a thing as being over conscientous), crowded Botha and 
his patriotic followers into the rugged mountains of the north and east, and 
forced the aged and ailing, but indomitable. President of the South African 
Republic to seek a temporary refuge in Portugal's possessions. 

It is extraordinary that the subservience of the Portuguese to Great Brit- 
ain ; manifested by their basely permitting on a flimsy pretext, the easy pas- 
sage of Carrington's troops through what should have been neutral territory, 
did not induce them to surrender the illustrious old refugee to British sav- 
agery; probably England dreaded the effect on popular sentiment almost 
certain to ensue if the venerable Keuger was made the victim of such an 
infamous transaction. 

But these predictable successes of the unenviable Roberts are brightened 
by no real glamour of military glory, on the contrary each new victory re- 
dounds to the added shame of the man and the nation vindictively warrino- 
against Liberty and Right with forces outnumbering the Boer armies near- 
ly twelve to one. Think of it! 'Tis an anaconda crushing a rabbit; a bull- 
terrier worrying a rat! And yet, "wonderful strategy," "magniiicent mar- 
ches," "complete victories," is trumpeted of Roberts the leader of hosts, that 
can Only justly pertain to the leader of an equal or inferior command; un 
der such conditions, and such only, exists true army generalship and is dis- 
played real military strategy ! 

With the redundant facilities at his disposal, every advantage this man 
gains is merely a natural consequence of his power to envelope his victims 
by sheer length and strength of line; every reverse, of which he has had 
not a few to report, prefaced with "regrets," is an inexcusable ignominy. 

He knows neither how to accept defeat with complacency, nor how to sus- 
tain victories, (such as they are), with becoming moderation; a characteristic 
of the people whose mercenaries he directs. 

Behold, already, how "civixized" Britain follows up her triumphs! It is 
Jeffries' assizes! it is Ireland's exj^iation for "rebellions!" it is India's Sepoy 
Mutiny severities! it is SlacIiter's Nek executions! again rehearsed afte^- the 



same cruel, relentless fashion as of old. 

' The trials for treason in the Cape Colony, the burning of over a hundred 
Boer farms to terrorize the patriotically inclined, or on the discovery of bur- 
ied arms, or in revenge for suspected relief afforded their distressed country- 
men; the deportation of thousands of young and old of a devoted jjeople, 
(like the Siberian exiles that this same hypocritical' canting England that is 
now committing these atrocious crimes against Humanity and Nature, in- 
-veighad so bitterly against "barbarous Russia" for tearing from their homes 
and kindred and exposing to the rigors of an ungenial clime), to the hot un- 
healthy island of Ceylon; Ceylon where Arabi, Egypt's Kosciusco, yet lan- 
guishes in fretful age and broken spirit after a captivity of eighteen years! 
a noble victim, like NAPOLEOjsr, to illusive trust in the empty name of Eng- 
lish HONOR.) : and to the barren rock of St. Helena, lest they rejoin the yet 
heroically resisting remnants of the armies of the republics; the needless, 
hasty, heartless execution of Lieut. Cordua for breakage of his parole and 
•'attempt to abduct the pigmy-souled British commander; the pitiless sway 
of martial law hurriedly proclaimed over the yet imperfectly stolen territory 
by that bandit-general, who now bids fair to emulate there the horrors of a 
"Thirty Years War, horrors retrograding the progress of Germany upwards 
of a century: perhaps posing as a new Tilly or a second Wallenstein in rap- 
ine and brutality, blackening with ruins and strewing with corj^ses the once 
smiling and jirosperous republic of the Vaal ; — all combine to show that Eng- 
land moves hopelessly on in the identical old deepening ruts of the same dis- 
graceful road she has travelled for hundreds of years and that she is as in- 
cajjable of magnanimity and moderation as she is of recognizing th3 common 
principles of Justice as demonstrated in the admitted rights of property or 
upheld by the usual rulings of international law. 

It has been urged in defence of Roberts that he is but executing his duty 
I deny it ! The soldier of today must no longer be the automaton 
of yore, enlisted blindly to fight, country right or wrong; country alway_ 
' He owes a higher duty to PRINCIPLE; he has, or should have been, 
educated to use his reason and that reason tells him, if he HxVS been educa- 
'^Y.ii ARIGHT, that his sole utility, nay glory, lies not in blind obedience to un- 
just or oppressive authority., but in resisting aggression, or maintain, 
ing order sanctioned by just Law, 

Unfortunately, in some respects, for true civilization, a soldiery must still 
'be retained by even the most progressive commonwealths while even one tribe 



more barbaric than another, remams on the face of the globe, "or while the 
ambition for power characterizing an Alexander, the political cravings giv- 
ing rise to such a creature as a Chamberlain, and the lust for wealth that ren 
ders possible a monstrosity typified by a Rothschild, is deliberately instill- 
ed into, or permitted to develop uncurbed in, the minds of our children. 

The most valuable and enlightened citizen of any country, is he 
who boldly refuses to be drafted for a soldier In an unrighteous 
war; — were there very many such admirable men, Civilization would re- 
ceive a new imj^etus and crimes against society, like those now being perpe- 
trated in South Africa and the Philippines, Avould be rendered impossible. 



And our own pitiable country, the silent partner of England in this lawless 
annexation of a second, but worthier, Poland; what shall be said of it ? led 
astray by the ignis fatuus oi territorial conquest in the ravaged Philippines, 
and who knows but perhaps also eventually lured into deplorable schemes 
tending towards empire, which not one of the great ancient nations has survi- 
ved ; in persecuted China ? — ^oppressing annexed, but disenfranchised, Porto 
Rico", — delaying liberty long promised to "emancipated" Cuba, — and shoot- 
ing down here, on. her own "free" soil, on slight occasion, her ill-remu- 
nerated, ignored and wealth-enslaved citizens; witness Cour d' Alene, Home- 
stead and Lattimer, (perhaps more of Pennsylvania before the present miner's 
strike is permanently settled !) amongst a dozen similar shameful instances, 
in all of which murder is committed under the cloak of law and the mur- 
derers go free. 

What shall be said of our rulers who support Great Britain morally? of 
our ca^^italists who lend her aid financially f Morally support, because they 
have neglected, for t\\Q first time since our birth as a Republic, to offer in- 
tervention, or even pass a resolution expressing sympathy with, a heroic peor 
pie, whose youth and age are being offered up as inestimable sacrifices at 
the shrine of Liberty. — because the Boer envoys sent to invoke our friendly 
ofiices and welcomed by the populace at large, have been as slightingly re- 
ceived by the anglophile Administration as well could be in the face of un- 
mistakeable public sentiment, and their causec oolly abandoned to the ten- 
der mercies of Great Britain ! Financially aided, because we have subsidi- 
LizED England, even as England subsidized Germany prior to the infamous 
Polish partition ! by loaning 'money to her on herhonds. A Republic ponrf= 
ing its treasure into the coffers of a Monarchy! SHAME ! But this 



is not all, Americans! teue Americans! one of whom I am proud to be, 
tremble at what alarmingly impends over you! Every bond of Great Brit- 
ain's purchased with your gold; every mine of your precious metal bought 
or invested in by English eapital, (Hays-Hammond, the treacherous raider, is 
now at work for intriguing Werner, Beit and Co. in the West) ; every acre 
of land indirectly acquired by the wealthy speculators of the United King- 
doiu; every daughter of your false citizens prostituted to the owners of 
British estates and titles to gratify a most un-American ambition; forges an- 
other ponderous link in the already weighty chain that will aventually load 
and bow and bind you down to England's tyrannic will, more surely than 
the efforts of all her armies, were they ever so great. 

Rouse yourselves! Cast it off before it paralyzes your energies with the 
tolerance of custom; before it is securely riveted to the pillars of alliance; 
reform your corrupted government before it is too late, invest in no 
more English securities, gradually dispose of such as have already, unhappi- 
ly, been acquired, decry instead of lauding inter-raarriages with lords and 
earls, cease longing for "American vice-queens;" and hereafter lend your 
hearty assistance where it is justly due: 

TO REPUBLICS INSTEAD OF flONARCHIES; 
realizing that England is not, nor ever can be, the true friend of our country 
while she adheres to the institutions of the latter class of governments. 

Do not suffer your better judgement to be misled by interested and plot- 
ting journalists. Place no reliance whatever in the Press of the country; the 
Chinese "massacre" reports, it issued so circumstantially, ought to have afford 
ed you a significant indication of its unreliability: with a few brilliant excep" 
tions, its vast majority is for trade, not patriotism, and many of its editors 
suppress emrything possible in the form of free spp,ech or enlightened opinion^ 
that they either judge conflicts with their own treasured belief, or apprehend 
endangers political or financial prosperity, viewed with their narrow vision, 
or from their selfish standpoint; and failing otherwise to obscure Truth, mis- 
represent its facts, or else load it with ridicule, that potent agent for suppres- 
sion that never answered, nor can answer, one argument. 

This giant of good, perverted to a geni of evil, has said that when Pre- 
toria fell the war should have ceased : ( so should, then, have ours when Phil- 
adelphia received Lord Howe in 1776, or when Washington was evacuated 
in haste by our Administration in 1814.); — that Botha, Viljoen, Delary 
and De Wet's guerilla warfare is needless effusion of blood for a hopeless 



object; [ forgetful(?) that our gallant Marion and dashing Sumter kept a 
live the patriotic ardor of the Carolinas long after the regular army had 
been shattered, and until Greene arrived to succor and to triumph ! — forget- 
ful of Washington's declararation to Col Reed, uttered during the most 
gloomy period of our own Revolution, that, if necessary, he would cross 
the Alleo-hanies and try what might be accomjMshed by a Predatory war.] 
A WAR FOR FREEDOM NEVER ENDS. 

The spark of Liberty may temporarily languish, but it blazes forth again 
in flame when agitation re-enlivens it, like the whirled fire-stick of the Aus- 
tralian, enkindling all contiguous to it with its glorious glow. Who dares 
to say the strife for liberty in eitiier Poland or Ireland is extinct? It slum- 
bers even as fire in the midst of tow, unnoticed ; breathe on it and all is flame. 

And so will it be with the Transvaal and the Free State, unless England 
proceeding with unparalleled diabolism, is able to deport or destroy their entire 
populations; an annihilation not even Westermann's devastating columns 
found it possible to effect in blood-deluged La Vendee. 

WoRKiNGMEN OF AMERICA ! Laborers with hand or brain in honest ways^ 
ye who are the People and, though you prove it not, the Rulers; ye who 
quietly let others usurp your authority who fail to execute your wishes ; it 
remains to be seen whether or not you will sanction this iniquitous injustice 
jeopardizing all Liberty, yours as well as that of the unhappy 
Boers!, by your consenting silence. Will you support the unrepublican at- 
titude of the man you are falsely supposed to have elected to the highest of- 
fice in the land ? Will you permit this vacillating puppet, cringing to wealJh 
and dancing to the tune of Commerce,* actuated by the to him irresistible 
impulses of opulent trade-worshippers, sunk in debasing sloughs of luxury, 

* Commerce! Atany sacrifice- by any baseness I-does it not force us to exclaim with HesiOD; 

" Fools! not to know liow far an liumble lot 

Exceeds abundance by injustice got." 

Commerce is one of the fairest of the handmaidens attendant on benignant Peace : fostered 
by wisdom and courted with virtue, she is apotent civillzer of, and an inestimable blessing to, 
man in his present state, but enjoyed to excess; pursued without that due regard to Princi- 
ple essential in all the undertakings of life ; she induces a slow decay of every manly attribute 
AND BECOMES THE DEADLY BANE OF AN ERST PROSPERING COMMUNITY- 

Long ago this was recognized. Lycurgus' iron currency prohibited it in Lacedaemon, Campan. 
ella slights it in his "City of the Sun", as does More in his "Utopia," and Charles Johnstone in 
"Chrysal, (1760. ch. 3. ), declares- "That though trade adds to the wealth, yet too eager a pur- 
suit of it, even with the greatest success, diminishes the strength of a nation. The real 

STRENGTH OF A NATION CONSISTS in the prevalence of DISINTERESTED SPIRIT, --- whereas 
THE SPIRIT OF COMMERCE CENTRES ALL IN SELF, discouraging and despising as folly EVERY 

THOUGHT THAT DOES KOT TEND THAT WAY.^"" 

WE HAVE NOT LEARNT THE FATEFUL LESSON OF THE AGES YEt! 



and anglicized parvenues aping aristocracy and seeking to found it here, in 
this once equal Republic, — this would-be emperor-president, a slave to Ae 
rich, an autocrat to the poor, hanging like a pitiful, toddling, weakling to the 
skirts of Britannia and lowering our once great nation down to the wretch* 
ed level of a mere colony of Great Britain! — will you permit, I ask, this de- 
generate from the illustrious Washin^gton and the high-minded Madison, 
backed by his venal Cabinet and Senate, ( the latter a body which sholud 
never have been instituted, nor now allowed to exist, in mimicry of the House 
of Lords.); to pose in despotic role, to destroy our venerated Constitution 
to tear away the last shreds of o-ur once prized equality, and to cover us all 
with eifaceless shame by his unpatriotic and unrepublican acts ? 

In your hands lies the remedy. Exert your long dormant power ! De- 
monstrate that justice, patriotism, manhood, are not extinct among us. 

There are many ways in which to essay accomplishing this peaoeablt. 

Hold mass meetings contemning the present ruinous policy. Pass resolu- 
tions favoring Boer liberty. Address a monster petition to Congress. Or, 
bestof all, administer that scathing rebuke the Ballot, rightly used, alone 
can convey to the low-minded office grasper and his place hunting creatures. 

Elect the most hoxest man available without regard to party, but to Prin= 
ciple. Believe not in "Mc Kinley and prosperity," his vaunted "prosperity" 
is as. the deported ex-dynamiter, banished from the shores of what he hoped 
would prove a haven of refuge, said to his companion, who invoked the Stat- 
ue of Liberty gracing our harbor, on quitting our coast: "It's hollow Jim ! " 

Elect any but the man whose vacillation, whose leaning toward combinations 
of capital menacing to *he community, and whose tradesman's spirit, alloying 
autocratic ambition, we know so well. Four more years of Mc Kinley will 
go far towards destroying all we have so long upheld with honor to ourselves 
with justice to others and with respect from the world. Bryan may not per- 
form all he promises ; the Democratic party harbors corruption as well as the 
Republican ; but the prijstciples his party has put forward, resolving them- 
selves into the simple sentence: "We w^ish to kemaijst free people;" 
are the subjects to be considered and not, altogether, the man or the par= 
ty; whether or not either fail to carry out the principles they advocate, after 
Election, need not be considered now; a remedy can be provided for that la- 
ter, should they prove false to their pledges to the people ! 

But if all your efforts fail, and fail they unfortunately may, Woekingmek 
on whom we base our fervent hopes of Liberty, there is a final appeal. 



to which, if made hy you in concert, there can be no successful resistance! 
Glean what that is from this; Patrician Rome felt its potency when her 
plebeian masses sought the Sacred Hill; the Spanish despots of Naples fell 
before it when the despised lazzaroni rose as one man and placed the bumble 
fisherman in the vice regal seat.; England bowed to it when the tyrannic 
Charles saw hi.3 cavalier armies routed by the f-hop-keeping Ironsides of 
Cromwell; the wanton noblesse of France laid their haughty and friv- 
olous heads on the ensanguined block at its ineluctible will, Avhen the abus- 
ed sans culottes of the last century discovered their terrible might; and the 
anglicized, the imperialistic, the would-be enslaving, directors" of a policy 
subversive of our long-cherished principles, contemned by the undegenerate- 
ly reflective amongst us, and militating against Liberty, not only in a dis- 
tant quarter of the globe, but here ;' shall also feel it and fall before it 
and perish by it, if they hearken not to warning; if you still possess 
the noble spirit animating your gallant, all-sacrificing sires; who offered 
up health, wealth and life on the hallowed foundation-stone of this glor- 
ious republic, that they might transmit to you the precious heritao-e of 
FREEDOM ! "^ 

"IF THIS BE TREASON, HAKE THE MOST OF IT." 
ye real enemies of our country! 

People of the Ignited States tlie question is left with you; the ayes 
and noes on it! Shall Ave permit tlie fall of two republics because our 
inordinate lust for Commerce prompts us to elect a man Avho will extend 
to them no recognition ? Shall England rule us and the world, by her 
arms, her wealth and her insidious inter-unions, combined ? or shall a fi- 
nal check be given to her intolerable arrogance and pitiless piracy? 

Shall the first years of the new century, so near at hand, behold our 
youth following everywhere the beat of the drum to the conquest of 
weaker lands? May Right forbid! Vote, therefore, for anyone but 
Mc. Kinley. Disregard the abominable dictation and threatenings of em- 
ployers. 

Proceed Avith caution, and moderation, but decision. 

NO EMPTY WORDS, NO VACILLATION OR HESITATION. 

Hct! 



S^i^gs^^sSessj^ansBSPPf 



THE REPUBLICS OF SOUTH AFRICA, 

vs. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

^ Just pvzsznintwn trt thz facts at issuz, pxzcz£iz& tr^ 
nn Kppz^l t0 tfeje "^^vX^'s :pfe0|yXje, in ttije txamje of l^jejcjesstt^f 
as wjeXI as ^umatxit^, to xrindijcatje tfxzix jcXaim to ©iwiXixa^ 
tlow at ottjcje atxd ef f jejctixrjeXy. 

Lovers of Freedom ! friends of Progress ! advocates of Universal 
Right ! throughout the entire thinking world, — on this, the closing year 
of the nineteenth century^ impends the shadow of a great, A terrible 
CRIME. A crime perpetrated against the aggregate of humanity ; for its 
far-reaching consequences will be ultimately manifested in a more serious 
blow at liberty and national privileges in every clime than it has hitherto 
been the misfortune of the cosmopolitan to observe and deplore — a crime 
unparalleled in the sombre history of this distressful globe and approxi- 
mated only by the indefensible Peruvian and Mexican Conquests, subju- 
gations, though of a cruel race, disgracing even a period over three 
centuries removed ; a crime that onlv instant, united and, perhaps, forcible 
action can assuredly avert. 

This crime is the political extinction of the South African Republic 
and the Orange Free State by the monarchial power of Great Britain ; 
— the utter absorption of their devoted people, their great territory and 
their present abounding wealth ; tr say nothing of their incalculable 
future advantages ; into the immensity of an overswoUen and arrogant 
Empire, which has for centuries defied, threatened, intermeddled with, or 
enslaved the other countries of the world ; which has like a vast and ever- 



active maelstrom drawn down into its retentive depths all precious of 
Earth that opportunity could offer, influence entrap or force secure ; and 
which now by this determined embarkation on a new career of avowed 
conquest is on the threshold of gaining not only enormous additive 
territory and treasure, extensive new facilities for military communications 
and a wide field for future commerce and extension, but also 

A SURPASSINGLY INURED AND DISCIPLINED HOST OF VETERAN 

SOLDIERS with whom to prostrate the other nations at her feet, 

when further craving for power, further feebleness of opposition, and 
further opportunities for seizure, conjointly occur. 

The extinction of these Republics ; costing the expenditure of treasure 
beyond estimate, the irrestorable lives of thousands of brave men, and a 
destruction of property and retardal of social and commercial prosperity 
in South Africa transcending imagination, if permitted by those who can 
and should prevent it, will disgrace the Age, and involve every other 

NATION AS AN INFAMOUS ACCESSORY TO A DEED OF MOST EXECRABLE 
BARBARISM ! 

INTERVENE ! 

That sentiment which animates the souls of conscientious men to aid 
the weak individual of their species against the tyrannizing and brutal 
strong, should likewise urge nations to interpose in behalf of the mal- 
treated of their weaker class. And the outrage of those social obligations 
which bind the various divisions of the so-called civilized world together 
should rouse them as a unity to repress and correct the dangerous 
offender. 

An injury TO any ONE State or individual however small or 
WEAK, IS AN INJURY TO ALL THE OTHERS. Advancement has progressed 
too far to-day for this truth to be despised or neglected. It must be 

UPHELD ! 

It is not alone the question of the right (?) of a more powerful nation 
to coerce at will a weaker when it chooses rightly or wrongly to declare 
that its subjects resident within the latter' s confines are not enjoying their 
full entitlements, that is at issue ; but a far graver involvement : the 

CLAIM OF THAT INJURED StATE TO PROMPTLY RECEIVE, ON APPEAL, 
THE ARBITRAMENT OF ITS SISTER NATIONS AGAINST THE BRUTE FORCE 



OF ITS WOULD-BE DESTROYER, WHETHER THE LATTER ACQUIESCE OR 

NOT and further, the rights of a republic, however unprogressive its 
government may be, however contracted its policy may appear, above a 
MONARCHY which although pro/essmg- constitutionality, is nevertheless in 
its insular and colonial rule, an oligarchy of a certain pronounced and 
undeniable type. 

Consider this well ! Is it to be a precedent that any Government here- 
after assuming to believe the administration of another corrupt, or non- 
progressive, or a religious oligarchy {f), may step in and annexing the 
territories by force of arms, — take the reins of authority into their own 
hands ? And all other powers remain quiescent ? 

If so, farewell all liberty ! farewell all those long recognized rights 
hitherto interposing as a barrier between the feeble and the strong. Talk 
no more of Justice ; no more of progress ; no more of universal disarma- 
ment and peace amongst all the civilized (?) nations ; but revert at once 
to the brusque methods of the olden age, when the most dexterously 
wielded club was decisive argument in every dispute, and the largest and 
ablest army the most convincing title to dominion. Away with your 
Hague Conferences, mockeries of your real intent, — with your Codes of 
War, you dare not enforce when they are willfully violated by the strong, 
— with your International Rights, which you fear to uphold, lest forsooth, 
pet projects abort or commerce suffers ! All are outraged in this shameful 
war of Might on Right, this buccaneering raid for gold, this Conquistador 
inroad for dominion. Throw off the mask ! let the weaker fall before 
the stronger in society as with nations, for the principle is the same 
whether the burly ruffian garrotes or bludgeons his struggling yet help- 
less victim for his coveted purse or the over-powering armies of a robber- 
country shoot and shell into non-resistance the unaided forces of a 
relatively feeble State. 

Altiloquence ! ephuism ! cry those mean souls, content to grovel 
under any indignity and oppression to preserve their worldly prosperity ; 
those who read what I have written with sneering and ridicule, thinking 
thereby to repress enthusiasm and bury sentiment. 

With such, it is indeed ever, — ^^ repress enthusiasm, bury sentiment, 
allow nothing to interfere with the welfare of trade." Is this to be ? 

Is everything noble and natural in men or nations to be done away 
with, or concealed, that commerce may extend and fatten and fill its coffers 



albeit it tlourishes for slaves and dastards ? Alas ! then, for the world and 
its pretensions. They are naught ! 

Yet, even if such is the case, perhaps some emanations of Sentiment 
may stray from the obscurity of the oubliette to which Trade has consigned 
her. If so, (and may it providentially chance), let Columbia, above all 
the countries of Earth, concentrate upon them her attention, recognizing 
that it is to her, preeminently, all the world looks to terminate so unright- 
eous a strife, — precipitated by the intrigues of the low-minded but 
ambitious politician. Chamberlain, and the unscrupulous stock gambler, 
Rhodes, acting in collusion with the venal Government of Great Britain, 
and prosecuted avowedly for Empire, — for sordid gain ! 

For the power periling the South African Republics is the one whose 
best endeavors were used to stifle her in her birth, whose ill-concealed 
enmity has pursued her like a baffled blood-hound through the century, 
lurking in secret ever after each new failure in the hope of being able to 
destroy her by some successful attack at some moment of unguarded 
weakness or unsuspecting trust. 

For she is bound by everything sacred in ethics to requite the obliga- 
tions conferred upon her by Europe during the critical period from 1778 — 
82, by now interposing to check the same tyrannic power which would 
then have crushed her own free aspirations and robbed the world of one 
of its mightiest factors in its process of gradual advancement, an advance- 
ment that will be unerringly measured by the outcome of this war. 

The precedent then set her, the priceless boon then conferred upon her 
by France, Russia, Holland and the rest. 

SHE CANNOT, MUST NOT, DISREGARD. 

She must act on the one, she must transmit and diffuse the other. 

It is said she is weak, she has no navy, her trade would be ruined. 
Vain evasions of imperative duty ! Review the past 

She was weak, her ships were few, her trade in peril when the first 
Revolution, (hallowed be its memory), called men to sink party-spirit, 
fortunes, life itself in the grand sacrifice for Liberty and Right, when 1812 
demanded our energies to protect the privileges of our abused citizens on 
the seas, when the Civil War burst like a tempest on the land, when the 
" Maine'' was rent asunder in the harbor of Havana and Cuba cried for 
help from beneath the tread of oppression, but the men, the ships and the 

8 



money, and in several cases the aid of other nations, came; or rather were 
made to come ; as if by magic! And they will come now. 

Let this, or any other Power stand forth for RIGHT, for Principle, 
and it will not stand alone, nor find, at the crucial moment, its resources 
limited or wanting. Behold! the pessimists of yore are disconcerted, 
America is stronger to-day, its resources greater and its trade more flour- 
ishing than it has ever been since the confining shackles of Great Britain 
were stricken away from it forever. 

If Worldly Interest must be appealed to, to rouse the nations from 
their apathy, what more powerful arguments can be adduced, than by that 
potent factor ? 

The craving for dominion actuating this piratical inroad on the African 
Republics will not be satiated by that success. 

Who is not well aware of this ? France knows it, the geographical 
positions of Madagascar and the Soudan should be sufficient reminders, — 
Germany knows it, has she not Damara-land to keep her informed ? Bel- 
gium knows it, Rhodes' railroad may require part or all of the Congo. 
Free State. Portugal knows it: — Angola and Portuguese E. Africa would 
help round off British territory finely! Russia knows it; for then Abys. 
sinia will be threatened and the extension of India begin, (English are 
already in Beloochistan and Southern Persia), and lastly the United States 
knows it, for it will presage the immeasureable and menacing ascendancy 
of her old persecutor over her, promoted by her culpable indifference in 
the beginning to the cause of a people contesting under far more aggrava- 
ted circumstances for the same principles of liberty for which the 
BLOOD OF HER OWN SONS WAS SHED IN '76, and an incomputable dam- 
age to her trade both with what might have been a prospering and inde- 
pendent sister-republic, and with the East, for England, affirm what she 
will, has ever, in the light of History, proved herself a determined op- 
ponent of free commerce. 

Experience has taught us in this world's enlightening record that the 
best way to combat the overgrowth of any too rapidly expanding Power 
is to set up and protect other smaller but virile commonwealths in the vicin- 
ity of the greater, or of the colonies of the latter. In the South African 
Republics are two such States, amply sufficient, properly abetted, to bar 
England's schemes of empire in S. Africa forever. Nurture them! 
Strengthen them! 



And when two countries are warring, there is always an opportune 
moment, pregnant with great possibilities which, if not timely profited by, 
may never recur. Now is the time! NOW, or the favoring chance is 
lost, perhaps forever. Proposals of peace have been made by the aggrieved 
republics, have been contemptuously rejected, and followed by a concen- 
tration of forces preliminary to a grand advance through the Free State 
towards Pretoria, indicating a 

British resolve for dominion or extermination. 
Great Britain is mightily involved both financially and militarily, her 
vast resources are being taxed to the utmost, — her available home reserves 
for foreign service exhausted, — her best regiments garrisoning India and 
battling, or keeping open communications, in South Africa, — such an 
auspicious juncture is rare and calls for instant seizure. Now is the mo- 
ment. 

INTERVENE ! 

or the just reproaches, the scorn, the contempt, of the coming Ages, 
and the misfortunes of far greater wars of the near future than can pos- 
sibly ensue from interposition now, will inevitably befall and pursue ye who 
neglect to perform 

NOT A BENEFACTION but a DUTY ! 

not only to those, who twice abandoning their lands for the all glonous 
sake of Liberty, now contest for the same freedom fought for by the 
patriot of '76; to those who faced by the Kalahari desert on the north and 
the bayonets of the British on the south, know no third haven of refuge, 
(save in the succor of their brethren), and are prepared to die but not 

to yield, but a duty to 

THE WORLD. 

Be not deluded. This is no war for civilization as England at first 
averred it. The power that loosed against us the horrors of savage war- 
fare in 1776 and 181 2, that hung men before the faces of their wives in 
Cape Colony in 18 16, that blew Sepoys from her cannons in the 1850's, 
that has ground Ireland beneath the iron heel of power for centuries, that 
has massacred wretched natives all over the globe with Maxims and Catlings 
not for civilization but for Empire, that has suffocated the deluded fol- 
lowers of the Mahdi with lyddite fumes in the War of the Soudan and em- 

10 



ploys that poisonous explosive in warfare against a white race in S. Africa 
to-day in defiance of the rules laid down by civilized nations, that would 
have pressed the Hill tribes, (Goorkahs and Sihks), of India, nay, even 
the Zulus and Basutos' into service in her exterminating aggression of the 
present, had she not feared the overwhelming outcry of the world, — only 
mocks that sublime progress she blasphemeously invokes as her defence. 



Tt 



BEHOLD IN PARALLEL : 
THE PROFESSIONS VS. THE ACTS OF ENGLAND. 



The Professions. 

She is striving for 
toleration of Relig- 
ion. 

She is the cham- 
pion of pure govern- 
ment and destruc- 
tion of oligarchy. 



She is looking to 
the comfort and well 
being of her subjects 
in South Africa,. 



England has ever 
been forward in the 
cause of Liberty and 
the promotion of 
Peace. 



She wishes to es- 
tablish the rights of 
the Uttlanders and 
secure them ade- 
quate reiiresenta- 
tion. 



She desires to abol- 
ish Slavery at once 
and forever. 



She is concerned 
for the natives. 

She wishes to firO' 
mx)tefree trade. 

She is waging a war 
for Humanity. 



THEi A.CTS, 

Herself intolerant as long as a law exists which bars a Catholic from a 
single office in the realm. 

Pure government in India, In Ireland, in South Africa today! She 
has upheld, and is upholding, Turkey and Morocco two of the most 
pernicious despotisms and corrupt empires in the known world ; and for 
what but her own selfish interests f For the fall of these would give her 
great European rivals way. Yet even so, were there wr^ large known gold 
fields in these two empires their stability might not be so assured I And 
herself an oligarchy, an aristocratic oligarchy. 

Very solicltious for thesel Meanwhile her poor subjects in India 
starve and are oppressed by thousands of fortune-hunting, office-seeking, 
English. Three hundreds of millions of money, it is said, are being ex- 
pended in the present war. But not much more than as many hundred of 
thousands are being distributed in the form of food among the perishing 
Hindoos most of whom would be enriched for life by the enormous sums 
paid out to destroy the lives of Boers in another continent. Nor has one de- 
termined effort been made to oust the horde of officials, petty or otherwise, 
preying on the vitals of that suffering land. 

She has been so energetic in the reverse direction that hardly a day of 
perfect peace has brightened the reign of Victoria. England has ever tried 
and is trying to put the world In chains Nay, she been the only nation to 
continuously persecute a man battling for his country' s freedom after assert- 
ing her supremacy. Witness Napoleon, Makanna, Cetewayo, Arabi, and 
a host of her own domestic and Irish patriots 1 

The people of Ireland have long had more crying grievances than any 
Uitlander, have long had many rights denied them. The Coercion Act 
is still in force. The Irish are so feebly represented in Parliament, they 
can never hope to carry any measures for the rehabilitation of their country. 
So with India. Newspapers have been arbitrarily suppressed there, Editors 
imprisoned. The people have little voice. Even her own people lift their 
voices no higher than the Lower House. Only a short time ago the 
' 'United Irishman' ' newspaper was raided and its issue confiscated by the 
police of Dublin because of articles obnoxious to the Crown. 

She did not make war on Russia or the United States to abolish it; sha 
began aiding the Secessionists I She does not eradicate it, (and bars the 
other nations from the attempt), from Turkey, and Morocco and Arabia 
today, she has not been careful to expel it from her own colonies. Ask 
Rhodes how he secured the labor for his Rhodesian mines 1 ' 'Natives who 
had no inclination to work, were hunted out to work in mines and not 
always well or justly treated there ' ' Younghusband (pro English, S. A. of 
T. 20s). This is but an instance, such could be multiplied. Think of 
Britain'.? coal mines of this period, and their child service 1 She has not 
proved any existing ' 'indenturing' ' in the S. A. Rep. worse than the 

liABOE THEEE. 

She has spilled more native blood than any nation of modem times in 
its aboriginal wars, and seized more territory from tribesmen than any 
other country on the face of this globe. 

Review past history for a refutation of this monstrous assertion. 

For no other than English ends I And with a poisonous agent in her 
warfare 1 Herself loud in outcry against dum-dum bullets, and the com. 
paratively harmless ' 'stink pots' ' of the recent Malay and Chinese pirates. 

Where was her zeal in the case of Dahomey where fearful annual sacri- 
fices were offered up, destroying thousands. Dahomey was left to French- 
men but the nearby gold coast seized 1 To make further comment would 
be as absurd as the statement it would controvert- 



12 



0t tlxje '^ozx ^oXonizs in MouXh ^fxxcn, inUx&pzxBK^i wltfe 
xzvxuths upon thzix txzuivxzut hvi '^UQlund, th& jclisadtratx^ 
tagjcs aixd Ixa^dsMpfs agattxst wHiclx ttueyf Ixawje stviwen, attjft 
tttjei« txonhXzs wittt tfejeiv aXijew vjesi^jents. 

*' Longfaest injuria, longae ambages " Vieqil, ^ntadl. 345. 

PRELUDE. 

The writer of this history of suffering and wrong, began it with an un- 
cased mind, but, — as the task progressed; as the arbitrary, unscrupulous 
and inhuman methods of England were unfolded to his view ; as each new 
injury appealed to his sympathy, as the heroic sacrifices of the unfortunate 
Boers for Freedom aroused his commiseration, — Httle by little, all that 
portion of his predilections till then retained by Britain was swept away and 
transferred, most heartily, to those she had for a century and more, per- 
secuted and oppressed. The data, operating upon his mind to the detri- 
ment of the English cause, are here presented to the reader. 

Who, possessed of a reasoning mind, can peruse what follows without 
experiencing the same final convictions, — who, that is animated by a gener- 
ous spirit and endowed with worthy sentiments, cannot but applaud the 
sturdy resistance offered by these valorous little States to a mighty em- 
pire of whose overwhelming resources they were primarily but too fully 
cognizant ? 

Careful study has been made of the entire subject, all obtainable litera- 
ture consulted, persons from South Africa conversed with, and the colon- 
ial poHcy and dealings of Great Britain with other nations in the past 
investigated to interpret arightly her present actions. Not one fact has 
been misstated, all is supported by authority, and that authority largely 
English, for the Boers have had no real historian of their own race, and 
we must read in the pages of the writers of the nation that is crushing 
them out of existence for the story of their wrongs. 

13 



6i6 — 605 B. C. Phoenicians in the service of Nechao said by Herodotus 
to have circumnavigated the Cape of Good Hope. 

15th Cent. CoviLHAM (Portuguese) mentions South Africa as known to 
India. 

1493. (i486 and 1489 say others) Diego Cou. and Barth. Diaz (Por- 
tuguese) are the first Europeans to behold the Cape. 

The fury of the waves exciting mutiny amongst the crews, they neither double, nor 
land on, that headland. 

1497. Vasco Di Gama, (Portuguese), doubles the Cape, is wounded by 
the Kaffirs in Helena Bay, discovers Natal. Later, other Portuguese 
attempt to settle with little lasting success. 

1650-2. Van Riebeck, acting under the Dutch East India Co., perman- 
ently colonizes the country. 

He landed a small number of colonists, rough, hardy, lower-class people, who built a 
village on the slopes of Table Mt. More Dutch and some Poles, Swedes and Germans 
arrived from time to time. In the latter year the English fleet met and defeated the 
Dutch in Dover Channel in time of i)eace. 

1686. From 170-180 French Huguenots flying from their own country 
on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, join the colony. 

These were absorbed into the Dutch colony ; part voluntarily, part forcibly ; and 
raised its social status greatly. The English have always alluded contemptuously to the 
low origin of the colony, apparently suppressing the fact that they have instituted much 
more ignoble settlements with convicts and thieves in Virginia, Australia, and Van 
Diemen's Land, —and endeavored to infuse a mixture of felon blood into this very colony 
in the 50' s, an attempt frustrated by the menaces of its people. 

Many of these first settlers were, as Olive Schekiner (i", A. Q. iSqq, iS), says " a brave, 
fearless folk with the blood of the old sea-kings in their veins * * * " resembling the 
English ' 'in a certain dogged persistence and unalienable, indestructible, air of per- 
sonal freedom.' ' They were ever ready to resent ' 'interference and external control.' ' 
KixoN (S of T preface IX) says : ' 'It should be remembered that most of the Boers come 
of a good stock.' ' 

During the whole of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the progress of Dutch 
commerce called forth the hate and jealousy of England and many wars resulted, transmit- 
ting racial dislike to generation after generation, and bearing bitter fruit to-day. 

1780-85. Le Valliant, (French), explores the " Hottentot Country " 
from the Cape to Angola Bay and the Kalahari Desert. 

LiCHTKNSTEiN, (German), later, but far more thoroughly, followed in his footsteps(1802-5.) 
We hear nothing of English exploration until 1800-2. 

1782. Dutch provinces recognize independence of United States. Eng- 
land seizes their East and West Indies. 

1794-95. Revolutionary principles infect the Cape Dutch. Boers revolt 
against the Governor and throw off the yoke of Holland. 

At that time the Dutch did not claim all South Africa but only a small area of a fevt 
square miles around Cape Town. 

14 



1795- An English fleet is sent to support the authority of the Prince ot 
Orange. The Dutch Governor already without authority, yields 
up those he could not resist and cannot defend. 

Here we^ave the first advent of England upon the scene. Hitherto Portuguese, Dutch, 
French, (Jermans, Danes, Swedes, &c., hence the prior right of all. And that advent 
the result of fraud ! Holland was then under control of the armies of France, the Prince 
of Orange ; z. fugitive and deposed ruler ; had taken refuge in England, part of Holland 
was in arms against him and the greater portion cowed under the military rule of the 
invaders. 

It was at this favorable juncture that the Boers of the Cape, never much attached to & 
Government that had rarely troubled itself to assist or elevate them to any noteworthy 
extent and had ruled them most despotically, became inoculated with the revolutionary 
ideas of the French. Republic, rose against the Company and proclaimed themselves inde- 
pendent. The Prince of Orange is said to have requested the English to take the Cape in 
charge for him and subdue the malcontents, the British sent a fleet to ' 'support his 
authority.' ' An authority that no longer existed, an authority denied by the French, 
repudiated by a majority of the Dutch ! They arrived at the Cape, the Governor protested 
and made a nominal resistance, both availless and England took possession in the namb 
OF THE Prince of Obange, appointed a British Governor and held the colony by force 
on the assumption that Holland would not be able to retain it and on the conclusion of 
peace in Europe it would finally fall into English hands. And Holland was then at peace 
with England \ and Holland never desired England' s interference. But as McFarlane 
and.Thomson say (C. H. of E. iv 77) "our ministers speedily took measures for preventing 
the wealth of the Dutch colonies from flowing into Paris.' ' This needs no comment I 
After this seizure by illegal violence we hear no more of the "authority of the Prince ' ' 

Promises were liberally made to the new subjects ' 'one of the inducements held out 
was security in slave property, at the same time these officers, ' ' (of high rank in En&i 
land), ' 'warning the colonists that if France obtained possession she would liberate the 
slaves, as she had done in Martinique, thereby ruining this colony as she had ruined that 
island." Tujual, (I/, of B.) 

1800-3 After the Peace of Amiens, England restores the Cape to Hol- 
land. 

This was under the Addington Ministry, 

1806. An English fleet under Hope Popham and five thousand troops 
under Baird, make forcible conquest of the colony. 

Taking prompt advantage of the elevation of the weak Louis to the throne of Holland 
by Napoleon, the British reoccupied the Cape, making no excuses this time for the seizure. 
At tlus period the Dutch had annexed lands reaching as far North as the Great Fish 
River, (a stream rising in the southern slopes of the Snowy Mts. and flowing S. E. to a 
point on the E. coast about one hundred miles N. of Algoa Bay, lat. 33°), and extending 
as far W. as a point situated a little S. of the Orange River. And they numbered some 
twenty-seven thousand souls. Much is said about the cruelties of the Dutch to the natives 
in the conflicts during such annexation, but the same and more can be urged against the 
English in their dealings with India, Burmah, Egypt and Ashantee Caffi-aria and the 
Soudan, and in their early colonial struggles with our own Indians in this country. 

The use of the Dutch language is guaranteed to the Boers. Slavery is not interfered 
with, English slavers are alone permitted to bring negroes to the Cape and these are 
Bold to the Boers at very high prices. C, R. L. (1806-7-8, etc.) 

1810-14. The British seize Sumatra, Molluca and all other East India 
possessions of the Dutch. 

181 1. First Kaffir War. Many previous conflicts before it. Kaffirs 
driven across Fish River. 

The solicitude of the English for the welfare of the Zulus, and their horror of the Dutch 
attacks on the poor savages are now first emphasized in a striking manner 1 when their 
own well-being is menaced by the growing power of the native kings. 

15 



1810-14. Hottentot police established for the colony. Sale of grain re- 
stricted. Land tenure abolished. 

Members of a degraded colored race vested with such authority by the law ! Under 
the severe governors, (military martinets), apiwinted for the Cape, most of the English 
Historians of the Boers admit that many vmnecessarily harsh measures were enforced, 
(vide Theale, (H. of B.) Clabk (Tr.) Fitzpatriok, (T. T. F. W.) and Bkyoe, U of S. 
A.) ; Olive Scheeineb (S. A. Q.) and Joubebt {Let to V) have accentuated tneir 
denouncements. 

A farmer could onlv sell his grain at a certain price on which those who purchased it 
reai>ed enormous profits, — ^he was not protected sufficiently on his farm, but ran the risk 
of being driven from it, or killed by the Kaffir at any moment, (Here it may be said 
the English settlers were little better off.) When troops did recover his cattle they were 
sometimes sold at auction before his face by the soldiers as lawful prizes and he himself 
told he was fortunate in escaping punishment as causei of the disturbance. 

The abolishment of the Land tenure (1813) and a new system enforced, redemption of 
paper currency at thirty six-one hundredths its face value (! ) (1825) and laws regula- 
ting treatment of slaves, caused intense dissatisfaction, though the first of these 
measures was ultimately very beneficial. 

1814-15. King of the Netherlands forced to cede Cape to England for 

;^6,ooo,ooo. 

Comment on this, after what has been said of the previous transactions, is needless. 

1816. Dutch East Indies restored in full to the Netherlands. 
" (Mar. 9). Slachters Nek executions (" Butchers Ridge.") 

Bezuidenhout, a farmer, whipped a Hottentot servant, and refusing to appear in 
Court therefor, was shot while resisting the military sent to seize him. He was defying 
justice, but the Boers believed as he did, concerning his rights and rose in arms. They 
were defeated and the leaders tried for treason. Five were hanged. Soldiers surrounded 
the place of execution in which the fbiends and wives of the condemned were com- 
pelled to behold the last agonies of those they loved 1 Four of the ropes broke and yet 
despite the clamor of the crowd for mercy at what they considered Divine interposition 
the fatal cords were again, and successfully, applied ! ' ' The Boers never forgot 
Slachters Nek, and it was one of the causes which lead to the Great Trek ' ' Nixon {S. 
of T.y 15.) " As no blood had actually been shed by any of the prisoners ' ' it was gener- 
ally supppsed that the Governor would use his power to prevent the penalty of death 
being inflicted." ' ' There was an opportunity for the English Government to secure the 
afiections of these people by granting to them the lives of the chief culprits, but 
Governor Charles Somerset did not avail himself of it. ' ' Theal (//. of B.) 

"The mistake made by Somerset in 1816 wsis as the mistake would have been by 
President Kruger if in 1896 Instead of exercising the large prerogative of mercy and 
humanity he had destroyed the handful of conspirators who attempted to destroy the 
State. O. Schbeineb (S::A. Q., 2q.) 

England made the fatal mistake of sending out martinets to rule a people whose fealty 
could only be won by kindness. The thirty-two men and women who witnessed the 
barbarous scene suffered banishment for life, imprisonment or fines. What horrible bar- 
barity in it all I But such, history shows, has ever been England' s methods in dealing 
with resistance to heb will. 

' ' A vindication of the law harsh, unnecessary and unwise in its policy and truly 
terrible in its manner of fulfilment.' ' Fitzpatbick ( 7". T.f IV., 4.) 

1819. Second Kaffir War. False Prophet Makanna attacks Grahams- 
town, repulsed with great slaughter. 

In both these wars, incited by English aggressions, the Kaffirs resisted with a courage 
and subtlety almost wonderful and with a ferocity bom of despair, the English 
slaughtered thousands and the flames of burning kraals in the invaded country con- 
sumed men and women alike in hundreds. By this, the English Colony was extended 
to the Keiskamma. 

1822. Traders from the Cape first visit " Natal " ruled over by Tchaka. 

Tchaka was the terrible Zulu tyrant whose drilled and well armed impis carried con- 
quest and destruction through the native dominions of South Africa. Sometimee whole 
tiibes and his own reffimenis were pat to death by his orders. 

16 



1824. First settlement beyond the Orange River by Boers. 

Brifeh mfe^^'*^*^ ^^ ^°P^' °^ ^^"^'' P^tu'^age and part from a desire to escape ftom 

1825. English language made compulsory in official documents 

£ras^d%S>de"/cifn^KS^^^^ 

(1828. Third Kaffir War. Kaffirs driven out of Kat Valley which Brit- 
ish settle with Hottentots. 
1827. Abolishment of courts of land rost and heemraden. 

A measure not without benefits. 

1834 (Dec.) Unprovoked inroad of Kaffirs upon the frontier settlements 
m which both English and Dutch, but mostly the latter, suffered 
horrible barbarities. 

treating the matter was wholly inconsiderate and unjust. Wenelg s method of 

1835. Slavery abolished. Value of slaves three million pounds 
one million seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds appropriated 
to recompense the owners! Currency redeemed at thirty-six one- 
hundredths of face value ! 

pth^rToTi^Au^Sx 1st fhi^i col'^rS^^^^ 

ingthe ruin of manv farmers '' "tw ,^Li"i^ ^-^i-^^- 1^^^^'^® ^^^'^^ "entail- 
Treasury Bonds but £ot kSwtae the ^nh^P J?hoc?'"P''°?*f "^ '° ^^^^^ P^rt with EngUsh 
without'difficultyK trifle/' 5:hopkins(/^' ^P^^^l^^^^ secured these from them 

s^^rtl^rtolll tWhtSTo^^^ofTh^*^^"'^^^^^^ '^eing the 

offered toWproprietorrs^comBeiSatiL if th^^??T?A°^^ ^7 Parliament had been 

they could onfyd^ispose oftS^S^cSX^btTyS^u^l^^^ilTf^^ "°*^^™^ 

wouMrfand^dwf sXr'Tn^other Ta^f '^*''a*'i/°'^ *^ ?°f °^ "^t' Purchased laborers, they 
ioritv in numbers of Kaffirs Bechuanl^ Hot/pn'^^Vf ^^.'^^-J^^.""^^ °^ ^ ^^t ^'iper- 
for the master from the too nrnhS wi^n^V^^l- °*°*^' ^^-^ without any protection by law 

1835-6. Fourth Kaffir War. 

Costing Great Britain £X, 000, 000. KaflTixs driven E. of Great Kei River. 



17 



1836. The Great Trek. Eight thousand — twelve thousand Boers, en- 
during terrible sufferings, emigrate from the Colony, issuing a 
declaration of grievances against the English and found new settle- 
ments, in Natal, England agrees not to disturb if slavery is not re- 
instituted. 

Theal (H. o/B.) shows the Boers were even then the ' 'champions of all the colonists 
for fair treatment. ' ' The English were generally passive not so the Boers, under in- 
justice, and now the patience of the latter was forever at an end. 

The ' ' last straw that broke the camel' s back ' ' had been cast upon the Dutch burden. 
Incensed by neglect, smarting under losses, exposed to violence from the KaflQrs against 
whom their powers of resistance had been weakened by the constant endeavor of Eng- 
land' s officials to deprive them of their arms and ammunition on the plea of ' ' protection 
to the poor natives ' ' unable to cultivate their farms by hiring labor, and oppressed by 
the harsh laws of the land ; thousands of Boers packed up their movables in their rude 
unwieldly carts and wagons, disposed of their farms at great sacrifices, (for there were 
few who cared to purchase and an immensity for sale), and with their wives and children 
shook the dust of English civilization from their feet, they fondly hoped forever, and 
journeyed into the unknown wilderness abounding with savage beasts and still more 
ferocious men. The story of this brave proud-hearted people is a marvel and has no 
parallel in history, ancient or modern, save in the single instance of the Messenians of Ira, 
who having been beseiged for eleven years in that city and betrayed at last by treacherjr, 
placed their women and children in their midst and passing through the ranks of their 
Spartan foes, (who opened them in admiration of their heroism), left their ruined country 
and settled in Arcadia, Rhegium and Zancle. But the Boers met with no friendly 
Arcadians and Rhegians I The reader of their trials exclaims with admiration, ' 'What 
will men not hazard for civil and religious freedom ? ' ' 

Their first parties, (about one hundred in all), were doomed to fearful endings,— the 
Boers say this was mainly due to the English depriving them of arms and powder, this 
while much exaggerated appears to be too true in many instances. 

One company under Van Rensbueg, trekked north beyond Zoutpansberg and was never 
heard of more. All ; men, women and little children, fell by famine and fever or the 
assegais of the Zulu 1 The other, led by Louis Tbiohhardt, went also north and from 
Zoutpansberg to Delagoa Bay. Their survivors were three women, nineteen children 
and four youths, Theal (,H. of B.) not a single grown man, Fitzpatrick ( T. T. of W. id). 

Larger preparations were made despite the loss of the pioneers. Before the middle of 
the year 1837 there were one thousand wagons between the Caledon and Vaal Rivers. 
Theal (^H. ofB.) The Gtovernor could not prevent it. Atty. Gen. Oliphant was appealed 
to, he replied it seemed impossible ' 'to prevent persons passing out of the colony by laws 
in force or by any that could be framed, ' ' and the Lieut. Gov. confirmed this in a reply to 
an address from the people of Uitenhage saying, "any such laws would be tyrannical and 
oppressive." England had learned something since the times of Charles I, who had 
not scrupled to procure an order of council for prevention of emigration to New England 
in 1638. Cromwell, Hampden and others were then detained ; an unjust act of despot- 
Ism followed by many other such, ultimately causing his ruin, (vide Mather, i.C.j.— 
Oldmixon, I. 42.— Hutchinson Hist, of Mass., i. j>2, etc. and Neal, i. 148, etc.) 

A former Gfovemor, B. D' Urban, wrote that ' '■persuasion and attention to their wants 
and necessities'''' would be the only means to stop the emigration. 

JouBERT, {Let to V.,) says the Boers ' ' were even followed by British officials beyond the 
Orange River to try and find out if there were not perhaps still one faithful slave with his 
master and if the Boers were not perhaps carrying a quantity of arms and ammunition 
along with them. Thanks to the kindness of those officials the Boers were advised of the 
object of their coming and were consequently enabled to conceal their guns and ammu- 
nition.' ' 

It not being possible to prevent their departure, it was still practicable to annoy and 
persecute them, and this was done. It Is even said the British incited the natives against 
them, but fortunately there is no proof of that. 

Peter Retief, (Boer leader) published a declaration (called the Boer Declaration of In- 
dependence) with 10 divisions, dated Grahamstown, January 22, 1837, in which he says : 
1, they despair of saving the colony from the evils which threaten it from vagrants, 2, 
severe losses from the emancipation of slaves, 3, speaks of plunder from Kaffirs, 4, odium 
cast on the Boers under name of religion, 5, that they will uphold liberty and have no slav- 
ery wherever they go, 6, that they leave the colony to enjoy a quieter life, will molest no 
one, but defend themselves, 7, that they have framed laws and will punish all traitors 
amongst them, 8 that they will make known to the natives their desire to live in peace 

18 



amongBt them, 9 that they quit the colony under the full assurance that the English gov- 
ernment has nothing more to require of them and will allow them to govern themselves 
without interference in future, 10 and that they leave the land of their birth in which they 
have suffered enormous losses and continual vexation, with a firm reliance on God.— Part 
founded the Orange Fkee State ; (not then so called). On June 6th, 1837, at Wynburg, 
Ketief was made commandant, and the Volksraad founded. 

At the Vaal River a party of these devoted people met the impis of Moselekatse, the 
Zulu, marching from the far north to destroy them. At break of day the fierce and well- 
armed warriors burst upon their camps. A dozen to one 1 and taken by surprise 1 But 
the Boers fought with the indomitable resolution born of desperation, and drove off the 
Kafllrs without much loss to themselves, even rescuing some wounded women from their 
clutches. 

Moselekatse sent a more powerful army, telling his warriors not to appear before him 
again until all the Boers were dead. In the Boer camp less than forty were able to bear 
arms, but they laagered at Vecht Kop, fortified with branches of trees, and commending 
themselves to God, as is always their custom, poured so terrible and withering a fire upon 
the Kaffir army, that at last it fled, leaving hundreds of slain on the field. The Boer camp 
was in flames. Joubert, {Let to F), says that thinking they, (the Boers), had been con- 
sumed in their burning laager the inhabitants of Grahamstown kindled bonfires and re- 
joiced I But only eight of the brave defenders were killed and wounded. Maeocco, a 
native chief, actuated by pity, gave them oxen and supplies which enabled them to join 
others of their pieople in Natal, or Natalia as they named their infant colony. 

They made a treaty with Dingaan, (with whom then was said to be a missionary by the 
name of Owens), which he signed, granting them land, but having later on feasted Petee 
Retiep and seventy or eighty of his men, at one of the larger kraals, he treacherously 
massacred them all. Then his warriors fell upon the nearest laager; where were a few 
men and some six hundred women, aged persons, girls and children; and terrible was the 
result, for with steel and fire they destroyed all save a wretched few, a very few, who es- 
caped into the wilds among the more merciful lions and jackals, and after dreadful suffer- 
ings regained safety with others of their people. Two girls were taken from a pile of dead 
near the Blue Krantz River, who had each a score of deep assegai wounds and yet lived 
and recovered I Pages could be wrrtten on the horrors of this period. 

P. Uys, with two hundred men, rode against Dingaan, armed but with flintlocks I He 
and his little son and eight others were slain, the ammunition of the others gave out and 
they were forced to fly. Dingaan pursued soon after and met the desperate Boers at 
Weeneen on the Bosmans River, where they had laagered. 

A frightful battle of three days duration covered the field with Zulu dead and Dingaan' s 
warriors were scattered like chaff" before the hurricane. 

PEETORrus arrived with more Boers from the Cape and called all others he could together, 
and with four hundred— four hundred and fifty men invaded Dingaan' s country, met his 
army of ten thousand— thirteen thousand Zulus and defeated it with a loss of three thou- 
sand Kaffirs, crushing the power of that Zulu forever, on December 16, 1838. 

Previous to this, and even after it, the sufferings of the Boers were beyond belief. Their 
wives were violated before their dying eyes, their girls carried off", ravished or mutilated 
to the most horrible imaginable extent ; their children tortured and massacred ; and dozens 
perished by the loss of their herds and provisions or by being driven naked into the wil- 
derness a prey to wild beasts. 

The Boers did not dispossess the natives by force until the latter had horribly violated 
their treaty with them. 

1839. Pietermaritzburg founded by Boers in Natalia. 

_ The Bechuanas and Korannas gradually dispersed, only the powerful Basutos in the 
impregnable Maluti Mountains being left. 

1840. Gov. Napier proclaims that Boers have no right to Natalia. 

Wholly unjustifiable. 

1842. Natalia attacks Port Durban where English squatters have installed 

themselves on Dutch soil. The Boers are repulsed. 

The English refused to become part of the Dutch settlement. Shortly after the Boers 
abandoned Pietermaritzburg because : — 

1843. England annexes Natalia for the " Peace of South Africa." 

Allowed unjustifiable, as the Boers had defeated Dingaan, its ruler, and were beginning 
to prosper. They had, however, set up Panda in Dingaan' s stead, the British weie 

19 



jealous and resolved to bar Boer progress in every way, right or wrong. The Boers 
offered little resistance, they had no cannon, (the English force under Gov. H. Smith was 
well-supplied, yet they repulsed it at the Congella River, but the Kafirs instigated by 
the English fell upon their farms and they succumbed.) They, then, began to trek 
beyond the Drakensberg Mountains, there ensued, ' ' a scene of misery such as I never 
saw before" (Gov. H. Smith) Pres. Peinsloo, protested, prior to his trek, in vain. ' ' We 
will not defy England' s power ' ' said he ' ' but we cannot tolerate that might should 
conquer right without having fought with all our forces.' ' A true Boer ! The Boers said 
this annexation was prompted by the fear that a free Republic would attract great emi- 
gration from the Cape. The English reason has been given. It was also intended, this 
year, to annex the Free State, but it did not seem to be worth the trouble and it was 
thought the population would perish in war with the natives ! 

1845. Griquas appeal for aid against the Boers under treaty stipula- 
tions. British troops arrive and defeat the Boers. 

This must have been highly edifying to the Kaffirs ! To say nothing of its humanity or 
justice. 

1846. Gaikas and Islambles overrun the Cape to Uitenhage inflicting 
great damage. Fifth Kaffir War. 

' 'War of the Axe, ' ' a fierce and bloody war lighting the country with the flames of 
burning kraals, and deluging it vrith the blood of thousands of native men wometi and 
children, 

1847-52, Troubles with missionaries and natives. The Boers burn 
Livingstone's house in 1852 and force him to leave the country. 

A vast accumulation of grievances against the missionaries had been storing up in the 
Dutch heart for more than thirty years. The missionary had acquired the most unen- 
viable reputation of a meddler with affairs outside his vocation, a misrepresenter of 
facts, a usurper of magisterial authority and a champion of the aborigines eve^i in their 
wrong doing. And credence was given by the Cape and Home authorities, in almost 
every instance, to these men. At their instance, in 1812, there had been hardly a family 
on the frontier some one of whom or its connections had not been cited as a criminal for 
attacks on the natives before the Circuit Court. And most of the cases found without true 
cause for trial I {JO. R. &» L.) 

This explains much of the animosity shown towards Livingstone, and his towards a 
portion of them. 

The Boers of the Cashan Mountains were denounced by him as a cruel cowardly 
people, those of the Cape, (under English rule), were honorable, peaceable and indus- 
trious. 

The Cashan Boers burned native towns, for the sake of capturing children for slaves, 
and cultivated their farms with unpaid labor, &c., &c., he tells us. These very Boers 
had previously destroyed the power of a terrible despot who had done infinitely worse 
than they ever did or could have done. The Boers say Livingstone instigated Sechele, 
the Bechuana, to murder tyxe first of their people slain by Bechuanas. He declares that 
chief acted only in self-defence, and sixty of his people were killed and two hundred en- 
slaved. Granted some of this is true, Livingstone was British, after him would come the 
traders, British, The Boers had had enough of that nation, they had reason for suspic- 
ion of anything English, they desired of all things, no English7)ien, and especially no 
missionary English. The Superintendent of the London Missionary Society was their 
indefatigable and pitiless opponent and all the benevolent associations unwittingly 
backed his accusations. 

All who joined the Boers were required to swear they were inot connected with any 
missionaries 1 

1S48. Gov. Smith drives back the Kaffirs and annexes part of Caffraria. 

The reader will observe, that in all these wars with the aborigines the English are 
doing exactly what they contemned in the Boers. 

Boers resist English in the Free State, expel them from authority 
and under Pretorius declare themselves free, 

20 



i849- (Aug. 29) Battle of Boomplats ending in total defeat of the 
Boers. 
Annexation of the Free State. 

Many Boers now trekked to the north of the Vaal River where they founded Potchef- 
stroom and again endeavored to settle, on the soil which the generosity of the Portuguese 
had bestowed upon them. Some qualms of conscience must Save affected the English; as 
was evinced later on in 1852. 

1851-52. Sixth Kaffir War. 

Gaika' s, Amaxosa and rebel Hottentots invaded the Cape. Gov. G. Grey repulsed them, 
assisted by a terrible famine which they brought upon themselves by killing nearly all 
their cattle and throwing away their corn at the behest of Umlangeni, a medicine man, 
who told them it would propitiate the spirits of the dead, and bring these forth in their 
cause. Thousands perished, the British mercilessly urged the war, and pretty well com- 
pleted what the famine had begun. 

1852. Great Britain recognizes the Transvaal. 

Commissioners Hogg and Owens guaranteed the emigrant Boers north of the Vaal 
Elver the right of administering their own affairs and of governing according to their 
own laws without interference. Assuring them ; — that no extension shall be made 
by the British north of the Vaal, — that is the fervent wish of the British to maintain peace 
and free trade, — that anj' misunderstandings as to the Vaal River line shall be decided by 
a commission, and that all compacts with natives north of the Vaal are disavowed. 

1853. M. W. Pretorius announced to be first president of "Holland 
African Rep." Death of his father (the first Pretorius), Andreas. 

1854. (Feb. 4th.) Commissioner Clerk at Zand River resigns the 
Orange State Sovereignty and permits its people to frame their 

own Constitution. Existing treaties with natives being ignored ! 

A second reaction on the part of England 1 But why ? It had become too costly to 
protect them ! —it was difficult to maintain authority with dignity 1 —Besides the famine 
had broken the power of the Kaffirs ! (Why then was it difficult to maintain authority with 
dignity if the Boers were weak ?) 

What was the result of this enfranchisement : — The Free State became ' 'one of the most 
flourishing, peaceful and well-ordered provinces on the Earth.' ' 

At this time, four republics existed in the Transvaal territory the largest called the 
' ' Holland African Republic, ' ' the others ' 'Lydenburg, " " Zoutpansburg ' ' and 
Utrecht. ' ' 

1856. Missionaries expelled. 

Five stations broken up in a few years, Mackenzie, ("10 years North of Orange R.") 

1857. Differences between Free State and Holland- African Rep. 

Ketjger and Pretorius enter the former with a small army. This is said to have been 
worse than Jameson's Raid. The forces faced each other but did not come to blows. 
Peace was made. The H. A. R. had claimed the Free State. New laws : Miners, ex- 
plorers and prospectors fined and English not allowed to own land. (Jeppes^ Almanac.) 

1858. First mention of S. African Republic. 

1859. Lydenburg federates with H. African Rep. 

Pretorius elected president of the Free State. 

i860. Complete fusion into " South African Rep." 

j;86?. 'Griquas cede their farms to Free State and depart to KafFraria. 



1863. Fighting between Schoeman and Kruger in the S. A. Republic. 

A rebellion of Europeans and Africanders against Boers. Kruger defeated. Arbitra- 
tion from Natal invoked. English decide/or the rebels and give them Boer territory in 
the Transvaal. Boers submit. Comment on the justice of this arbitration is left to the 
reader 1 for Schoeman had rebelled against the Volksraad. 

1866. Kaffraria annexed in toto to Cape Colony. 

In October of this year the first diamond was found to the north of the Vaal River, 
Some say it was not until April, 1869, and in the west of the Free State. 

1867. Gold found at the Tati, and in and without Lydenburg, in the 
Transvaal. Rush ensues. Mohesh of the Basutos' vanquished 

by the Free State, cedes land to it. 

This aroused English jealousy and evoked pretty rapid action from the Cape govern- 
ment, which was resolutely set against all extension of territory by the Free State. 

1868. Part of Basuto lands declared annexed to the Cape. 

Yet these had been conquered by the Orange Free State, as justly, and more so, than Eng- 
land had Kaffraria. 

1869. Governor of Cape interferes in boundary dispute between Mohesh 
and the Free State. 

Thus the Orange Free State suffered ' ' by the unjust and unlawful British intervention 
after we had overcome an armed and barbarous black tribe on our eastern frontier.' ' 
(^Proclamation of President Steyn, iSgg.) 

1870. Diamonds found plentifully. 

1 87 1. The English seize the Diamond fields and call the territory con- 
taining them " Griqua-land West," (situated between the South 
African RepubHc and the Free State). 

The first Kimberley diamond was found this year, and the indications its discovery gave 
were not unheeded ! As to England' s conduct : 

' ' Perhaps the most discreditable page in British Colonial History.' ' (Froude). 

' ' Was not the trust assured them by the Convention abused when they were dispossessed 
of a stretch of country where the diamond fields were situated.' ' Joubert i^Lei to F.) I 
have read many English accounts of the Free State diflBiculties but find no justification of 
this amazing seizure put forward by any, it is passed over in silence by the many. Rhodes 
acquired these mines later under the Rothschilds. 

The English afterwards tacitly admitted an injustice by paying ninety thousand pound); 
to the Free State for the property. Ninety thousand pounds I Less than the value of dia- 
monds sometimes removed in one week! Ninety thousand pounds for a Golcondaof 
gems ! And not a vestige of title possible to be claimed in the seized territory by the 
English Government I Peetorius resigned this year and Burger was elected President 
of the Free State. 

1875. Fingo land and No-Mans-land annexed as " E. Griqua-land" by 

Cape Colony. 

England says because of desire for protection expressed by the natives, (this is untrue), 
Boers declare because of a determined resolve to prevent the progress of the Republic. 

1876. First Franchise law of the South African Republic. 

Acquiring landed property ; or one year' s residence ; constitutes a settler a burgher with 
full electoral powers. Note the liberality of this law, the discovery of enormous gold fields 
had not then taken place to endanger the safety of the Republic, it could therefore mani- 
fest its generous tendencies. 

22 



1877. (April 12). T. Shepstone annexes the South African Re- 
public, despite protests of President and people. Lanyon made 
administrator. 

British writers say the government acquiesced in the annexation ; (there is no record to 
that effect); that the government was in anarchy and chaos; that the KaflSrs would have 
destroyed the people. Nevertheless it must be said at this time most all the native tribes 
had been subdued by the Boers, who had kept them under for forty years ! True Sec- 
cocoENi and Cetewayo menaced them without, but the latter menaced the British as 
well. How much more generous would it have been to have placed the English forces 
at the disposal of the afflicted Republic without exacting any hard conditions. We lead 
an infant by the hand to aid it to walk, we do not restrain or beat it. But England has 
not shown herself capable of much magnanimity in her past history. She took advant- 
age of a defeat of the Boers by Seccocoeni, and of their financial bankruptcy, to further 
her ambitious ends, she chose to consider the Transvaal in anarchy, when she, herself 
had been the prime cause of that slight disorganization, and History has recorded her 
shame on its imperishable pages. 

About this period the Transvaal had been endeavoring to run a railroad to Delagoa Bay 
and this embroiling them with the Kaffirs is said to have menaced the welfare of the Eng- 
lish Colonies, and called for Interposition. 

The Republic then owed two hundred and fifteen thousand pounds, the Boers who were 
contented lived far apart, the party of disorder, (largely foreign), in compact commu- 
nities. These latter, says Aylwaed, refused to pay their taxes, treated laws with con- 
tempt, and called for foreign intervention instigated by English influence. Then came 
Shepstone as "adviser," "friend, "—his presence instantly created suspicion,— and 
well it might I "No chaos or anarchy" (says Aylwaed) "reigned except in the gold 
fields, and even there the law vindicated itself without bloodshed.' ' But the English 
declared it chaos and anarchy. Shepstone awaited the favorable moment, and when 
troops were near the border, announced annexation, in defiance of the protest'of the 
President, without the stated authorization of the Home Grovemment, and in ignoral of 
the will of the vast majority of the people. 

* • Nothing but annexation can save the State ' ' he wrote to Robert Herbert. It apwars 
from many records and historical occurrences that the English were very anxious now to 
save the State for themselves after leaving no means untried to ruin its people. The Gov- 
ernment accepted relief and pay, and I am informed from Boer sources that Kruger really 
did take office under the English, but they did not assent to Shepstone' s act. 

While many of the Boers had ill treated the natives, and, under the dubious term ap- 
prenticeship, really sold some as slaves, it is evidently unjust to charge this to all, but 
only those turbulent and cruel characters, (denizens of all communities, and plentifully 
met with in our own land, witness New Orleans, Frankfort, and many parts of the South 
and West to-day), who followed their own brutal tendencies regardless of all laws, natural 
or human. 

Two deputations of whom Kruger was a member were sent to England to protest 
against this annexation. They were denied the opportunity to present their case I 

Bartle Frere. (J/. L. of B. P.) tardily visiting Pretoria in 1879 ; (after having prom- 
ised immediate attention), says (April 14), ' 'I have been shown the stubborness of a 
determination to be content with nothing else ' ' (than the undoing of the act of annexa- 
tion) ' ' for which I was not prepared by the testimony of officials who had been longer in 
the country. ' ' But he believes ' ' these malcontents do not constitute a majority of the 
Boer farmers." How did ithai)pen then, these malcontents afterwards received such 
hearty support? The Blue Book in6.\ca.tQS that this High Commissioner had been pre- 
paring a scheme of conquest in S. A. unknown to Hicks Beach 1 (c, 2220, p. 13b, et seq.) 

Carter, IN of B. JV„) has best explained the willingness of some of the Boers, per- 
haps indeed of the government party, for annexation. "The natural aversion of the 
people to English rule was overcome for the moment by their greater aversion to being 
wiped off the face of the Transvaal by the blacks." Very possible. But who incited 
these ' ' blacks. ' ' Look into the secret records of the colony. There is the answer. 
The English. ' 

Colenso says, (N. L.) ' 'The sly underhand way in which the Transvaal has been 
annexed appears to me unworthy of the British name. ' ' And so it must seem to every 
fair minded student of the facts, —Shepstone comes as an adviser, he remains as an 
usurper ! Again and again it had been officially announced that Great Britain would not 
enlarge her possessions in South Africa. Theal {St ofS. A. igd). 

Undoubtedly, signatures forged or falsely procured were appended to the petition for 
annexation, many witnesses attested this under oath. 

23 



1877-80. Tonga-land accepts British protectorate. 7th KafiEar War in 
1877. 

The Boers had attempted to annex Tongarland but the English induced the Queen of 
it to accept their protection. The Cetewayo war was long and bloody. Cetewayo was 
made prisoner by the British and exiled. 

1879-1880. Dec. 13, '79, Boers call a Provisional Government, (Kruger, 
Pretorius and Joubert,) to office at Paardekraal and rise inarms 

for liberty. 

A second Bezuidenhout was despotically treated at Potchefstroom, his friends flew to 
arms. A conflict followed at Potchefstroom, (Dec. 15-16), — Anstetjthees surrendered with 
his English force at Bronkhorst Spruit, (Dec. 20),— Colley was defeated at Laing' s Nek, 
(Jan. 28),— fought a doubtful battle at Ingogo, (Feb. 8),— and was killed at Majuba, 
(on Feb. 27),— English accounts say that five hundred and fifty to seven hundred soldiers 
were present under Colley at Majuba Hill and five hundred— one thousand Boers 
opposed them and that two hundred of the latter stormed the hill in the face of trained 
troops (driving half the force, that were not killed or taken, from it) protected by the fire 
of their comrades. The Boers say, but seventy of their one hundred and fifty- four hun- 
dred men formed the storming party and that but one hundred— two hundred of the 
British escaped . 

FiTZPATKicK, (T. T. of W., ) tells us ' 'the Boers displayed the finest fighting qualities' ' 
and ' ' the generalship of Nicholas Smit, ' ' (who led the forlorn hope), ' ' was of the 
highest order, —the cleverness of the attack beyond praise." 

During the war Col. Winslow held Potchefstroom with two hundred and thirteen men ; 
and Capt. AUCHINLEK defended Rustenburg with seventy men driving the Boers repeated- 
ly from their trenches though they numbered several hundreds. 

Much IS said of Ceonje's, (the Boer commandant), treachery in keeping Winslow in 
ignorance of an armistice until he surrendered, and it appears incontrovertible. But there 
are not wanting British ofiicers who have deceived their enemy very similarly, nay, who 
have acted as treacherously as towards Col. Ledyard, for instance, though of course, 
their conduct is only an ofiset to, and not a justification of, his course. 



It is by its past, as well as its present, history we must adjudicate the charges made 
against a nation. And it is the duty of a historian to adhere to plain pacts, conceal 

NOTHING through INTEREST OR PARTIALITY, AND DIRECT HIS READERS' ATTENTION TO THE 

shortcomings OF THOSE WHOSE ACTS HE RECORDS. He who docs Otherwise, is a bane to 
posterity and deserving of its curses, and this has been recognized in the elaboration of 
this narrative of events. 

When we read of Green, (who had received a pass to leave Lydenburg in Jan., 1880, 
stopped at the fort held by the English on his way, was called to the Boer camp to clear 
his conduct and was shot through the head during the parley (Nixon, S. of T. sji,) 
FiTZPATRiCK, T. T. of W. 42, — of Capt. Elliot, T. T. of W. 33, (escorted prisoner to the 
border of the Free State and shot in the cart, in which he was crossing a " drift " at the 
river, by his escort), — of trooper Black, ibid zgo, (a Jameson scout, tied while wounded 
and then beaten, finally let ride for his life and shot while so doing),— of harsh and 
savage treatment of the natives,— of cruelties to prisoners,— with all of which English 
accounts are rife ; we must not allow ourselves to forget that bygone injuries and pre- 
Tailing or recent war, foster all the evil passions of man, and aggravate violent and 
revengeful natures to transcend all law in the spirit of retaliation. 

Thus after the surrender of Fort Cornwallis, an American shot CoL. Grieeson of the 
British in cold blood and was never brought to justice despite an offered reward. And 
the Tories, during the same Revolution were shown scant justice or mercy at our hands ; 
the cruelties of Rawdon, Tarleton, Kn3rphausen, Ferguson, Tryon and many other 
leaders of the British army, being such as to arouse such vengeful feelings to the utmost. 

Recall the deliberate shooting of Mrs. Caldwell at Connecticut Farms in 1780, (Bart- 
LETT, H. of A. m. I. 4S7), only one of many crimes. Who can forget the story of the 
butchery at Wyoming, (vide ""Hist, of Wyoming^'') where British regulars under 
Butler withdrew after the capitulation of the fort, leaving the hapless people to the 
Indians ;— or the true tales told of our captive countrymen in prison hulks whose 
skeletons bleached on Long Island's shores ;— or the letter of Franklin, {July 7, 1782:) 
that mentions the British as arming savages against us and encouraging them to vxax- 
d&r, paying for over 2000 scalps or the horror of Fort Griswold, Conn., where, in 1781, 
CoL. Ledyaed and 100 soldiers, were massacred by the English, the sword of the brave 
American being thrust through his breast by the officer to whom he tendered it in 
surrender. 

24 



Nor have we to revert to the eighteenth century, the present hundred years is as 
replete with enormities. Frenchtown in 1813 where Col. Peoctob acted similarly 
by his p-isoners, as Butler at Wyoming,— the fiendish retaliations of the Sepoy Mutiny 
for which no nation professing to be civilized can maintain excuse,— the brutalities of 
the Irish "pacifications" and evictions, and the never fully published barbarities of the 
Afghan, Indian, Ashantee and Zulu wars, (cruelties lost sight of, perhaps condoned, 
because committed on dark races I), will serve as ample vouchers for the truth of what I 
have asserted. Inquire into, as I have done, which has the longer list of atrocities ; 
England, taking only a century and a quarter of her existence, or the Boer republic with 
-L\& entire history of but one /^(Z// that period ? and then acknowledge, as you must, that 
compared with the former a halo of humanity glows about the latter. 



Mapoch, chief of a Zulu tribe near Middleburg, collected a commando to relieve 
Lydenburg in this war, (Nixon S. of T. 302), and in other ways made himself obnoxious 
to the Boers. They did not forget it. 

1881. Gladstone, in August, appointed the Pretoria Convention. 
Right of Boer COMPLETE self-government conceded. 
British rights to appoint a resident ; to move troops through Trans- 
vaal Territory in time of war, or on apprehension of war ; and 
to control external relations of the State, reserved. 

This partial restoral of the Transvaal's rights was an act of justice in the face of opposi- 
tion that will ever brighten the fame of Gladstone. But even he dared not make en- 
tire restitution then. As Reitz has said ' ' such magnanimity would have been entirely 
beyond the possibilities of the British Colonial Office." This was the only deed ever 
done by Mr. Gladstone which the English and American press, -with cordial unanimity, 
declared enhanced the prestige of England as a State so confident of its giant strength 
that it deemed it ignoble to use it like a giant. Wilson (Z. &> Times of V., 11., 619.) 

Keugek promised to Evelyn Wood and Robinson at this convention that British sub- 
jects should be on the same footing as the burghers and they should have equal privi- 
leges so far as burgher rights were concerned except that perhaps some slight difference 
might be made in the case of a young person just come into the country. Fitzpatrick 
(T. T.of W.3bs) 

Seccocoeni reinstated by the British, but is killed by Mampoee who had been put in 
his stead by Wolse'Ley after the war-* The Boers declare this murder and try to seize 
Mampoee who is sheltered by Mapoch. 

1882. Second Franchise Law. A foreigner may be enfranchised after 
five years residence. War against Mapoch by Boers. 

The war was urged by the S. A. Rep. with vigor, the Cape Government supplied them 
with artillery and the Boers drove Mapoch into natural fortifications, largely caverns 
where he resisted them for nine months. It was then that Genbeal Eeasmus blew up 
cavern after cavern with djoiamite. This was the subject of debate in the Commons of 
England but the Earl of Derby said he did not believe dynamite to be worse than gun- 
powder. It certainly is not poisonous like lyddite I Starvation forced Mapoch to sur- 
render, he was imprisoned for life, Mampoer hanged, and his tribe indentured for five 
years among the Boer farms. The [British resident said at fthe time ' ' if the natives were 
ill-treated they could easily run away.' ' {Eng. Blue Book C, 3841, bi.) 

In 1882, Mankaeoane ; aBechuana chief who had offered to help the English in the 
Boer War of 1881, and, with Montsiwe, was encouraged by the former ; made war on 
Massaou and another chief of the same tribe, the Boers joined the latter, and the British, 
not protecting the people of Mankaroane he was forced to sue for peace, and give the 
Boers a grant of land and agree that a boundary line be beaconed off between his land 
and Massaou' s, and Kruger was to umpire. This the British would not permit and the 
treaty fell through. Then, Massaou was induced to cede his territories to the South 
African Republic, immediately the British again interfered and characterized the cession 
as an infraction of the Pretoria Convention. The Boers then first appropriated Manka- 
roane 's land and called it "Stella land" with Freetown as capital, —then Montsiwe' s 
in October, seven-tenths of whose holdings they seized and called ' ' Land of Goshen ' ' 
This roused the missionary societies, to save the natives. Yet the British had appro- 
priated far more land in former wars than the Boers efver are accused of doing 1 In 1883 
Keugeb was elected President of South African Republic. 

25 



A commission was sent by each Government to Mankaroane, but witli little results, the 
Enelish representative Butherfoord i^Blue Book34-St>, 56.) reported a "lamentable state of 
affairs as regarded that chief and his friends, their country being appropriated by the 
white people precisely in whatever locality and to what extent they pleased, " " im- 
munity from interference in the shape of some powerful factor from outside will daily 
add to the wrongful acquisition of land and property until an uninhabitable desert or the 
sea is reached.' ' ' ' The only peace that will be made will be continually progression, 
subjugation or extinction." Would not this also apply to British methods. The Boer's 
agents did not succeed in inducing the chief to sign a demand for a protectorate. The 
Missionaries agitated for the natives. This led to a Boer deputation being sent to 
England to express dissatisfaction with the Convention of Pretoria. Gladstone said : 
' 'We reserved a title as against the Boers of the Transvaal to support the natives." (March 
16 '83 ) The Earl of Derby declared :— he did not see "how any one could desire to 
establish another Ireland in South Africa" (June 16) as must result if the Gfovemment sent 
an armed force to protect the natives by conquering the Transvaal. The commissioners 
waited on this Earl, objected to the Convention in its entirety as unsuited to their 
country, and declared it had only been agreed to under compulsion, and that the 
Secretary for the colonies had agreed to reconsider it after its working had been tested. 
Finally a large portion of the territories of Massaou and Moshette was given to the 
Boers;— but the entire absorption of Bechuana laud denied them; a protectorate over 
that being assumed by the British. 

1884. Railway concessions by S. A. Rep. to Holland and German cor- 
porations. 

Delagoa Bay R. R. Called by Fitzpatrick ' ' an iniquitous bond on the prosperity of the 
the State" {,T. T.f tV., 62,) Had the English secured it how different would it have 
been represented I Keuger says he gave it to Holland because that country helped his 
when his was poor. 

1884. London Convention recognizes S. A. Rep. No mention of 
SUZERAINTY and only the approval of treaties with nations other 
than the Free State reserved by Great Britain. 

(July.) In this year the Transvaal set up Dinizulu in Zululand and seized the territory, 
upsetting Wolseleys Gtovernment, but the British intervened, restored two-thirds the ter- 
ritory and again cut the Boers off from the sea. 

LONDON CONVENTION IN BRIEF. 

Article 1. Defines Boundary. 2. Commissioners to regulate it and prevent encroach- 
ment. 3. British Consul may be appointed. 4. No treaty with any other nation or tribe 
than the Free State without Queen's approval. 6 & 6, Liability of S. A. Rep. for prior 
debt and likewise for £, 2, 500.000. Interest at three and one-half per cent. 7. Continued 
enjoyment of property by all persons who held it subsequent to 1881. 8. No Slavery to 
be tolerated. 9. Complete freedom of religion. 10. British graves to be cared for. 11. Grants 
of lands outside the boundaries invalid. 12. Independence of Swazis. 13. No higher 
duties on goods from England than from other countries, nor prohibition on goods without 
similar extension of such to those of other countries. 14. All persons may enter, travel 
and reside in the S. A. Rep., hire, &c., carry on commerce, and ' ' not be subject in respect 
of their persons or property or in respect of their commerce or industry to any taxes 
whether general or local, other than those which are or may be imposed upon citizens of 
the said republic' ' 15. Exemption of all persons domiciled after 1881 and registered a 
a year after from military service. 16. Extradition. 17. Payment of debts in same cur- 
rency contracted. 18. Grants of land, &c., made between 1877 & 1881 valid. 19. Confirm- 
ation of assurances given to natives at the Pretoria Pitso. Of their rights to buy land, 
seek the law courts, leave the country, &c. 20. Convention to be ratified within six 
months by the Volksraad. 

1885. Discoveries of rich Gold fields in South of S. A. Republic. 
1886-7. Barberton gold fields draw ten to twelve thousand foreigners to 

the Transvaal before close of 1887. Dynamite monopoly. Reform 

AGITATION FIRST BEGINS. FRANCHISE QUESTION AGITATED. 

This year the celebrated Sheba mine was opened, 

There now poured into the S. A. Republic a motley stream of foreigners all athirst for 
gold. Europeans, Americans, Chinese, Hindoostanese, Jews ; came flocking in but most 
of all English. Ten to twelve thousand traders, miners, prospectors and speculators came 
in less than a year. 

26 



Transvaal Reform Umon was instituted and was received with great disfavor by the 
Government of the Republic. Project for S. Africa confederation oSposed by Kruger 
onB^^£^°tl™^*''™°'^°P^^- ?^l&* °^ *'°,^ ™^^ *o manufacture explosives and sell them at 
SOW over the pnce of import, they really being imported. It was cancelled by the Raad 
but revived as a Government monoply. It takes ^£600, 000 from the Rand mines annu- 
ally involving much bribery. >*""u. 

Indefensible, but is there nothing in the way of monoply in Great Britain and the U 
S., and do foreign powers interfere to reform these abuses f ""o <j . 

1887. Witwatersrand gold fields discovered. 

u£!^*£^* ^¥°- ^^^* *^® ?^1^^® °^ *^^ y®^'^- These fields added to the difficulties of the 
Repub he. From then on to the present the intrigues of the British Government, exposed 
5^_F^,^^^^®'^*^£yP™^*^*^,^^&^'^^*o"'^'^l occurrences, and colonial records, became won- 
derfully nfe. It was not long before nearly twice the population of the S A Ren in 
fe'^T^^^rswas thrown upon it. Imagine one hundred anS forty million aliens Sr'ini 
the U. S.l When the advent of a single Porto Rican brought over as a test caiSessuGh 
apprehension among the trade unions of the States I *« <» a irta>s, causes sum 

i.^-^^T?l^^^^^?.*^®^®i?'^*'"iy?^®^*^^^P^'^io<l "10* to root endurablyin the soil and 
become faithful citizens thereof, but to extract its substance and then transfer themselv^ 
and their gain to their own or other lands. Little, indeed, have these in common wi& 
the Boer, and any danger to their home government at once detaches the really better 
class, thus the Spaniards nearly all departed for Spain when war broke out between 
their country and America. <= "^u ucuweeu 

The little State was now placed in a most embarrassing position. The largest Govern- 
ment in the world would have been perplexed in dealinf^th such a gigantic difficult?- 
-How to grant equitable rights to a Eorde of gold seekeFs, a huge mining camp S all 
Its desperate characters, -prostitutes, gamblers and the lii:e,-interminglld with numer- 
ous deserving and well mtentioned workers, and yet preserve its morality, pro^^Tts 
laws and prevent by an out-votmg of its own people its delivery bound hand anS foot into 
the grasp of England? How to right others and not wrong its own? Other natio?^ are 
more Illiberal with the franchise than the S. A. R. The V. S. restricts emilfaS 

Paupers or persons likely to become public charges, felons, polygamists or persons 
'^^^ttV'K^ ^^ P^'d/orwzth others money, ov who are assisted to come,caS bl 

It admite a person having money, (even though he may be a pauper before thelanseof an 
hour) if he is not Chinese. It excludes Chmamen. Because some 200:000 cel^Sca^e 
over to merge in our 70,000,000 the gravest apprehensions were excited, beSesomeTn 
thousand of Russian Jews expelled from Russia prepared to enter (;^r»/i«TtheywSI on^ 
posed and many starved to death outside the Wtier lines, because some thousands of 
Polish Jews entered ^«^/a«</ a cry was raised that a great disaster to the realnTwS im- 
pending and measures at once discussed for future exclusion. leaim was im- 

But the S. A- Rep. has passed no Exclusion Act, it has admitted everyone It onlv de- 
y?a^?ortheScwShte.'^°''' ^'^^^"'"'^ '^^^ *^^ Transvaal wasi she exacts^ten- 

And England with all her vaunted liberty has denied to Irishmen and her colonies for 
years and years all adequate representation, and foreigners are not only taxed heavily but 
on being admitted to the franchise receive but a very little power, for they cannot vote 
for the hereditary House of Lords nor sit in it, nor have th^y anything but the S 
fractional power of electors for they can only vote for the members of the Common: 

^?'^^®i*^,*^®i^^'^^*^°'^^ °* England were exclusion of aliens from all political privileees 
and dislike of foreigner, she has often obstructed naturalization. It was not until 1870 
fhf IT'^% %}'^7' P^'^'^oi^? for the franchise, after five years residence, on application to 
the bee. of State. In 1860 less liberty of exercising the franchise was granted to Ireland 
than bad been allowed to Hottentots in Cape Colony, only occupiers of land to the 
extent of £ 12 per annum being permitted a voice in public afiairs ! \c. H. of E. iv.) 

In the TJ. S. to-day a naturalized citizen suflTers several disabilities; he can never be 
a President or Vice-President, nine years must elapse before he can become a slnatoV 
and seven before he is eligible for a Representative: {U. S. Const. Art. i,Sec 2 Ariii' 
Sec. 1.) Yet no outcry has been made. ' ' "^^'^ "' 

Nor must we lose sight of the religious intolerance of Great Britain, which prevented 
Jews from occupying seats in Parliament despite numerous attempts to secure th^ 
nghte, m 1853, a bill brought forward for this purpose was lost at its second reading (C 
T ^-'^--^^'^ ^7,) and was not passed until July, 1858. Even then it was not until i860 a 
Jew could be sworn in without parliamentary proceedings, and the oath itself was not 
purged of bigotry until Act. ago/ Victoria c 19. {Mafs Parliamentary PractiZfthed 
190.) And the debarral of the Free Thinkers ! Bead Jugh was twice removed by fo^ 



27 



in 1881 because he would only affirm in the House, was excluded from entering, and was 
not permitted to even take the oath until 1886, Wilson {L &• Times of Vict. ii. bi8.) This 
action af the Parliament " practically affirmed that an atheist cannot become a member 
unless he conceal his opinions " {Biograph Annual 18S4, 43.) And this is the progressive 
country opening S. Africa to Civilization ! 

But the truth is. Civilization is but crudely developed everywhere, and cannot exist 
in perfection until every human inhabitant of this globe realizes that all his., or her, 
fellow creatures black or white, rich or poor, high or low have rights equal to his, or 
her, own, that the mere accident of being born on a certain spot of land or residing 
thereon by will, must not cause a selfish neglect of all taking place outside that favored 
locality, and that the most rigorous religious tenets and industrious church activity, sinks 
into utter insignificance compared with the rendering of practical good and the exhibi- 
tion of PERSONAL EXAMPLE,— in short till the admirable saying of Thomas Paine, 

" The world is my country,— to do good my religion,' ' 
is fully comprehended, and implicitly followed. 

1890. S. A. Rep. requested to withdraw from the N. and W. of Sv/asi- 

land, Great Britain vacating the E. 

The Banjailand Trek by Joubert and others into a small republic under English pro- 
tectorate. Averted by Jameson without force and by Kruger' s proclamation. Not much 
ground for allegation of weakness of Govt ? 

The Selati R. R. said to be a case of shameless robbery. 

Fitzpatrick {T. T. f W. 70) says that Govt, arranged with a contractor to build it at 
.£9, 600 per mile, this contractor sublet for <St, 003, depriving the Republic of £519 600. No 
exijlanation by the Boers, but they have brought suit against those in Belgium where the 
concession was granted, this may decide the responsibility. 

Charter granted to South African Company. 

"First act in the African tragedy, when a charter is granted to a ring of speculators 
and the principles governing English rule in S. Africa for the first time was departed from 
and imperial rule allied itself with the speculations of the share market.' ' Olive 
SCHRIENER {Nov. ij, iSgg.) 

The Boers consented to the occupation of Mashona land by the new company although 
the English had just objected to their own colonization of Banjai-land. 

1890. Second Volksraad created and franchise modified. 

Those vote for 1st V. who were enfranchised prior to the new law, or who, bom in the 
State, become 16 years old. For the 2nd Raad, those who have been eligible for 10 years 
for election to the 2nd Raad may obtain the higher rights, they must be Protestants, 30 
years old, live on landed property in the State, and be two years naturalized, — in all 14 
years being necessary to secure full electoral pri\'ileges. Certainly very rigorous condi- 
tions, but the Boer Republic was not dealing with the ordinary class of emigrants or con- 
ditions of emigration, but with a mining camp, and besides it was in peril. 

1894. Boers attempt to reach sea through overtures to Zambaan and 
other chiefs, but Roseberry, — acting for G. B., annexes the lands 
ol those chiefs. 

A most arbitrary and low minded act, akin to the confiscation of the diamond fields. 

1894. Franchise Law. 

All born in State or living there before 1876 may have full electoral rights, those settled 
since; after 2 years residence from date of registry may vote for local officials and the 2nd 
Raad. After 2 years more a seat in the 2nd Raad is possible After such qualification 
for 10 years, he being over 30, if the majority of Burghers in his ward so decide and the 
President and Executive are agreed, he may become a full Burgher. 

It may be noted here that a resident may be prevented even after full residence from 
ever becoming a citizen if objectionable to the authorities, a proceeding only warranted 
it would seem by the peril of the commonwealth. 

23 



1 894- Petition said to be signed by thirty-five thousand four hundred 
and eighty-three Uitlanders for extending the franchise, produces 
no effect but to contract it a little. 

The Boers declare the petition largely fraudulent. The English declare it genuine. 

1895. Reform movement inaugurated. 

Cecil Rhodes, director of the Consol. Gold Fields and Prime Minister of Cape Colony, 
and Alfred Beit of the London firm of Wernher, Beit & Co., controlling and representing 
millions in the Transvaal are prime movers in this. Rhodes is said to have contemplated 
amelioration of conditions affecting his capital and Free Trade in S. African productions. 
His real design was undoubtedly to control taxation himself and secure jurisdiction over 
the mines for English capitalists. The Boers say he meant to annex them to Rhodesia to 
rehabilitate the chartered company. Design to seize Johannesburg and Pretoria Forts. 
Jameson to be kept on frontier ready to aid when wanted. Promulgation of a spurious 
petitioner "manifesto" stating Uitlander grievances Dec. 26, (a few days before the 
Raid.) 

Rhodes, [says Hobson ( W. S. A.) in effect], deliberately brought on the war in South 
Africa. 

1895-6. Cecil Rhodes and Joseph Chamberlain instigate the Jameson 
Raid. Mashona-land and Bechuana-land Police, led by Jameson 
AND British Officers, enter the S. A. Republic in time of peace 
under no flag; — after some fighting, are surrounded at Doom Kop 
by the Boers under Cronje and after some resistance, surrender 
unconditionally, (say the Boers), on promise of their lives, (say the 
English.) 

The infamous piratical incursion into a peaceful State by the tool Jameson in the hands 
of those Rothschild automatons, a multi-millionaire and stock gambler. Rhodes and a 
certain unscrupulous statesman, Chamberlain, as is incontestibly proved by letters and 
verbal testimony, wa-s the outcome of a deep laid plot formulated to absorb the S. A. Re- 
public That it failed is both due to the rashness of the tool and the alertness of the Boer 
Govt, in detecting the machinations against them by its employers, Jameson is said to 
have started prematurely; thus ruining the original scheme of seizing the Pretoria arsenal ; 
for, on the first tidings of his march, the Govt, filled Pretoria with armed burghers. Johan- 
nesburg (an Anglo Australian city in the majority) was in a fever. A Reform Committee 
Avas called, threw off all disguise,- collected arms and ammunition, (previously smug- 
gled in in barrels &c.), and organized military corps. It was said about 20, 000 men came 
forward to be armed and only 3, 000 rifles were on hand for the purpose. 

However, 2, 000 were armed and some fortifications begun about the city. But nujubers 
would not rise. Olive Scheienee tells (5. A. Q-sb) how "the great mixed population 
* * * * refused to arise and go to aid him" (Jameson), and "hundreds of Englishmen, 
Comishmen and others fled from Johannesburg, fearing that Jameson might arrive and 
cause a disturbance.' ' Nor was this from fear, she says ' ' Those men were strangers here, 
they came to earn the bread they could with diificulty win in their own land; they were 
friendly treated by S. Africa and made money there but were they bound to die in a 
foreign land for causes which they neither knew nor cared for? « * « * They could 
not run a knife into the heart of a people which had hospitably received them * * « « 
they could not enter upon a deadly raid for a man whom personally the workers of Johan- 
nesburg cared nothing for.' ' 

YouNGHUsBAND says, (5. A. of T. 13b), ' ' All they ' ' (the Uitlanders) ' ' seem to have 
understood they should do was to have a certain number of men to meet Jameson, not to 
assist him in a military way but to make a political demonstration of welcoming him in.' ' 

FiTZPATEiCK, ( T. T. of W. lbs) says ' ' had Jameson ever reached Johannesburg, the 
enthusiasm would have been wild and unbounded and had the Uitlanders been sufia- 
ciently armed they would have sided, rightly or wrongly, with Jameson.' ' Stickney. 
{T. T. 0.7b), " The population of Johannesburg did not wish a revolution. They were 
not in favor of the Jameson Raid. No doubt there were manv things in the Transvaal 
public administration which were not thoroughly satisfactory to the Uitlanders. But they 



did not consider that their grievances were intolerable • • * ' On the contrary their 
efforts to get improvement m governmental methods had heen very successful, the evils 
of which they complained, though much less gross, were of precisely the same nature 
with those endured so long and patiently for many years by the people of the City of New 
York ' ' 

Phillips (of the Reform Committee), in stating the grievances of the Uitlanders said that 
year after year they had been begging for redress of these grievances, for some ameliora- 
tions of their condition, for fair and uniform treatment of all the white subjects of the 
State and for some representation in the Legislature of the country as they were entitled 
by their numbers, their work and their property to have, and yet not only had a deaf ear 
been turned to all their petitions but the conditions were actually aggravated year by 

It is significant that amid all the clamor we find Americans, (with the exception of the 
John Hays Hammond tribe), Germans and Jews making no formal complaint. Young- 
husband (S.A.ofT. p. ibi) notices this British outcry— "A curious anomaly in the 
situation is that British subjects in the Transvaal consider they may justly demand assist- 
ance from the British Govt, to enable them to become independent Republicans.' ' 

President Kruger had offered concessions, reducing the term of residence. Had his 
country not been situated on the confines of a hostile nation, had not a disaffected majority 
of English-sympathizing seekers of fortune been established in his midst surrounding him 
like hungry jackals and imperiling the existence of his country, he would have done 
more. More, in that state of affairs he could not do, nor could England herself 
HAVE been as magnanimous. England had by her own treaty clause no right to interfere 
in the internal affairs of the South African Republic, nor had she any right but that of 
might, to the quoted part of Article 14 of the London Convention {q. v. 1884). 

' 'No civilized country in'.the world, ' ' says Hoogt {vidiinfra.p. iq) ' 'afforded more privi- 
leges to foreigners. After two years citizenship a new citizen could already be appointed 
Justice of the Peace and to other minor oflacial positions.' ' 

Johannesburg was the "best governed mining camp in the world" wrote Olivb 
ScHBiENER. ' ' The Boers have honestly tried to meet real grievances, but there have 
been so many lies told about them I ' ' 

HooGT, pro-Boer (Struggle of our brethren in S. A. p. 32), says " Who are the com- 
plainers f The fact that * * * all the Uitlanders, except the English, joined of their 
own free will in taking up arms against Great Britain, proves they were satisfied with 
Pres. Kruger' s government." . 

YouNGHUSBAND (pro-English) said ' 'by waiting on their opportunity the Uitlanders will 
gradually gain their end, their lot is not a desperate one.' ' ' ' Instead of hastily resort- 
ing to arms and reviving racial feeling, which impedes progress, they can well afford to 
wait a few years time till the Boers, not bound together in opiwsition as they are now, 
through being attacked, have spread themselves out and left interstices between them by 
means of which the process of a new amalgamation may be carried out ' ' (.S*. A. of T. Z>., 
167). Provided England ' ' sees her subjects have fair play the Uitlanders may well be left 
to work out their own salvation in their own way ' ' {ibid. 170). 

Stickney (T. T. O. 78). " The condition of public affairs in Johannesburg at the time of 
the raid was far superior to that in many mining camps in the U. S." < • •. " Prior 
to this raid no attempt had been made by any considerable body of men in Johannesburg 
for any substantial reform in the existing laws or in the existing administration of these 
laws.' ' 

At no time since the gold fields were opened have any large number of the people agi- 
tated for any great alteration in the laws except in such as relate to taxation, they have 
mostly admitted the Transvaal regulations to be as good as could be expected under ex- 
isting conditions. 

Let us contrast England and the Transvaal in a few governmental and social aspects: 
In the former there is still that environment of caste and regard to class and wealth so 
pernicious to true progress, not so in the latter, there are found few class divisions, few 
jealousies, the nation is a unit, the rule popular, and therein lies their wonderful 
Btrength, for as Bryce, \A. C. ii. 602, 1897), says, " A united people is doubly strong when 
it is democratic, for then the force of each individual swells the collective force of the 
Govt., encourages it, and relieves it from internal embarrassments." 

The Boers have a popular President whom every man, woman and child has access to 
more freely than in the U. S. He has at times overruled the Raad but his " influence 
over the Raad and over the people always great when danger threatens the State * • 
' tends to diminish in peaceful times" Younghusband, (5. ^. £>/ T'.j-o). In peace he 
cannot carry out his wishes, the Boers then tolerate not the least that savors of autocracy. 
There is no tendency to make a hereditary-Presidency, or a permanent Raad. 

Every male citizen over sixteen maj vote, their Representatives are paid, and must.act 
as their constituencies will. 

30 



Petitions may be addressed by the people to the Raad and must be considered if only a 
half dozen sig7t thetn. Moreover, they through that body may remove a President as 
was done in the case of Pretorius (1871). There is a definite, written, Constitution, as in 
the U. S., frequently amended by the Raad, Foreigners not burg-hers. largely hold ju- 
dicial and executive offices. {O. Ps. P.,—T. T.of W.,—S. A.ofT.~etc.) 

Every man ; farmers, Volksraaders, judges. President, all ; nay, the very women and 
girls have fought when the struggle for existence against natives or English rendered 
military co-operation imperative, the army was the people, high and low, the people were 
then as those of Macauley's Rome. 

" Roman was for Roman and all were for the State." 
^ ^ ^, ^ Two-thirds of the Raad in 1897 

Dore battle scars, and even m 1899, hardly a Boer family was to be found of which some 
one or more of its females had not been wounded or slain in war. The continual recur- 
rence of such strife would have bound the people in the coils of a military despotism had 
not the inherent craving for freedom, paramount in the nature of every Boer, acted as 
an effectual offset. Very peace loving and pastoral in their tendencies, they care little 
for war, trade, mining or like pursuits, they are in the main nomadic agriculturalists. 
i^H. ofB.,-r. T. f W.,—S. A.0fT.,-O. Fs. P.-et al). All this tends to obliterate dis- 
tmction, accordingly we find no blooded, wealthy or elite class, but each individual 
having rights equal to another's and the same chance to prosper 1 

How different in England ! how backward there I A Norman-Hanoverian aristocracy 
surrounded by glitter and show, a prerogatived, isolated monarch shut up in a close shell 
of pride," a blue-blooded hereditary Upper House ! True, the power of the Crown has 
been greatly curtailed. It can no longer dominate Parliament, as of old, by procuring 
the election of members; the reforms of 1832 largely abolished that .- %%\\\ peers to an in- 
definite extent can be created by its order, and thus it can powerfully influence the Legis- 
lative bodies if it choses. Any measure could thus be carried through the Lords. Such 
has been done {.vide Brougham, Hi, 304). It can appoint most of the Judges and innu- 
merable other ofacials. It has a veto on all the legislation of the Lords and Commons, 
and possesses the sole prerogative of peace or war. The Commons may impeach, but 
NOT try it. There is no written constitution to delimit its power (Dean, Hist. Civiliz. 
jSjg, V. 46g), even to Magna Charta there was no guarantee but foece. 

The great power limiting the monarchy lies in the fact that taxes can be voted only by 
the voice of the Commons, acknowledged in 1407 (Gtjizot, Repres. Govt., si4)- 

Petitions have no consideration if emanating from the few, and no legal status. 

Listen to the claims of the Uitlanders. ' ' We are the vast majority, —own one-half the 
land, —nine-tenths the property ; yet have no voice. Taxation imposed on us without 
representation, wholly inequitable taxation, (because, it is levied on the people in much 
greater amount than is required for Government) and class taxation, (or taxation by selec- 
tion), and the necessities of life are unduly burdened. The right to trial by jury of our 
peers is denied us, our lives are in daily danger, we cannot hire labor reasonably. The 
Dutch language is alone used, and we cannot properly educate our children, ' ' [see Fitz- 
PATBiCK (r. T. of W.) Hammond, {A. W. P. in. A. R.) King, <Js. R.), &c.] 

Let us consider these in detail : The Majority ? Yes I But of aliens, of men who have 
mostly no desire to become citizens but only to make as much as they can and then return 
to the homes where they have even left in not a few cases, their wives and children, or 
friends ! The Kaffir aborigines of the Cape are the vast majority in the Colony, does 
that secure due representation from that Government ? 

The native population of India, of Canada, of Australia, of Ireland, are the majority, — 
who makes their laws f But further : —The majority in the S. A. Rep. is not a native %\x- 
periority but a /i7r«;^« influx ; totally devoid of connection with, or interest in, the land 
in which they are residing, save for mercenary purposes. Other countries have sometimes 
EXCLUDED SUCH from their confines; here, we behold the Republic tolerate them. Yet 
England, by virtue of brute force, (40, 000, 000 to 150, 000), presumes to direct the 8. A. Rep. 
to grant these people citizenship on her own conditions. As well might she have meddled 
when we excluded the Chinese or restricted other foreign emigration, (measures of doubt- 
ful political economy at the best), as well might our government demand citizenship of 
Canada for our Yukon adventurers. 

Owning land. British capitalists hold enormous tracts of land in our Western States, 
yet have no legal voice in our politics. The mere ownership of land that may be sold to- 
day or to-morrow at an excellent profit will never prove a very strong title to good 
citizenship in any country nowadays, though it held among the ancient Saxons. 

Nine tenths the property. In repeating the above reply as answer to this, it may be 
added that if the Uitlanders possessed, and were taxed for, all this property, the mining 
facilities it afforded them were ample compensation. As well might our and other miners 
and investors at present in the Yukon who own most of the property there and are taxed 
heavily by the Canadian Government, cry out for a voice in the affairs of Canada I And 
this profitable ownership is an excellent reason also for their paying most of the taxes. 

31 



Taxation without representation. Point out a country where aliens are not taxed and 
where they are permitted to exercise the privileges of citizens. England and her Col- 
onial Govt' s refuse electoral rights to persons no matter how long resident, and the Leg- 
islatures of these Govt' s, force them to pay whatever taxes they exact. 

Wliolly inequitable taxation. At first it appears so, but when we consider that while 
the Uitlander does pay go per cent, of the taxes., he is empowered to take away over qj per 
cent, of the gold he7nines, we no longer see any injustice, but a just compensation to the 
Republic which permits so many hungry cormorants to congregate within its limits, to 
dive into and pouch up its treasures and fly away to their distant nests when fully satiated. 

Class taxation. A class of foreigners who are not in sympathy ^vith the people, who 
have become wealthy on the mining lands' bought of the 8. A. Republic, and who are 
rendering, apart from their tax payments, but little or no service to the community, nay 
who have many of them lived in it for years and could have received the franchise under 
the old laws had they wished to renounce their sovereign and take the oath of allegiance, 
should not these be taxed as a class ? 

Necessities of life unduly burdened. Johannesburg is far better off in the advantages 
it enjoys in this and other respects than many mining camps in other parts of the world, 
such necessities will always be expensive and always be ' ' burdened ' ' where there is an 
overdemand for them and a not very easy freightage. 

Right to trial by Jury of our peers denied and lives are in daily danger. Fancy a 
Polander in England demanding to be tried by Poles ! But I have been assured by those 
who know the Transvaal well that this is ridiculous and no foreigner has been denied the 
justice he merits any more than in our own country. And nothing in the records of the 
great mining camp of Johannesburg indicates any more danger to life there, than in any 
great aggregration of the oflF-casts of the world such as all heterogeneous mixtures of gold 
seekers (and their followers : —gamblers, thieves, prostitutes, &c., ) always must be. 

We cannot hire labor reaso7iably. There are few mining districts where labor can be 
obtained cheaply. The Boer Govt, forbids by the ' ' Plakkerswet ' ' law congregations of 
Kaffirs, &c., in numbers of over five families on any one property. But it permits its own 
people to evade this law made for the protection of the community. It is probably aware 
that those interested in upholding the Government will make no evil use of such aggre- 
gations, hence its unfair laxity in regard to them. The wages were £3, 3s. per month per 
head in the S. A. Rep. as compared with 20— 30s. in other colonies. 

The Dutch language. If then, tens and hundreds of thousands of Poles, Huns, Ger- 
mans, Russians, &c., come to our country and settle in it and find the language inconven- 
ient we must change it for them! The Dutch are the majority in Cape Colony, and equal 
to the British in Guiana, is their language made official in either of those colonies I 

Education of children. If these aliens truly desired to become sincere citizens of the S. 
A. Republic would they have objected to send their children to the schools of the Govt.? 
Do not foreigners here submit to it ? Not so these people, they wanted to establish Eng- 
land in the State, and not merge their nationality into it, as educating the children to be 
AFRICANDERS would havc entailed. 

This was characterized by Chamberlain as a dreadful injustice this giving instruction 
in all the public educational institutions only in the Dutch language. It is true there 
were few schools at that time in the S. A. Republic but they were good ones. The Uit- 
landers were not prevented from establishing English institutions in Johannesburg. 

In the matter of education, Scotland is yet in the lead of England she began in 1696 I 
Beyce, in his " Am. Com77iojtwealth,'''' admits the N. United States are in advance of both. 
Great illiteracy prevailed in England up to the '40's,-private enterprise; and Government 
grants inefficiently supplementing these ; being the only furtherance of popular learn- 
ing until 1870 when school boards, inspection and compulsory attendance were first 
instituted and poor children ordered to bo admitted free. In 1878 less than half the 
British children under 15, attended school and as late ac 1890 the schools left much to be 
desired. 

How much in advance was Holland, even in 1811 her schools were landed by Cuviee 
{Report i8ii,) we learn that in 1806 that kingdom was separated into divisions with an 
inspector to each, and though education was not compulsory every effort was enjoined 
on the clergy and authorities to induce the children of the poor to enter the free schools 
liberally provided for them {see also Cousin's Dutch Education.) The mass of the people 
of Holland are better instructed there than in any other European country. 

How does progress in England compare with that in Massachusetts which in 1647. 

(Eraser Rep. on U. S. Schools), legislated that every 50 householders should support a 
teacher? 

But {vide Stickney, T. T. O. 76) ' ' the Uitlanders cared nothing for education, that is 
no considerable number of them cared for it. Johannesburg was a mining camp, a heter- 
ogeneous collection * • * * It is fair to assume that some of them wished their child- 
ren to have some kind of education. But the statemept that any considerable number 

32 



were willing to have a war or even a Jameson Raid over a question whether the instrnc- 
tion in the public schools, should be in English or Dutch, if made in Johannesburg would 
have produced no result more serious than laughter.' ' 

H. MuLLEB (Envoy of the Orange Free State) says :— " As to public education I cannot 
very well see that the English Outlanders have a right to reproach the Govt, of the S. A. 
Rep. on the ground that in some of the elementary schools no English is being taught 
when these same foreigners contribute a large amount to the exchequer. I suppose there 
is not a country in the world where the elementary education is given in another Ian. 
guage than the language of the country. And the taxes are not required from the 
foreigners for such elementary schools but for the gold which they extract from the 
soil." " The Govt, of the S. A. Rep., in order to try and pacify and give as much satis- 
faction as possible ; has, since the Jameson Raid, established State Schools in mining 
districts where the chief medium of instruction is English and only very little time at all 
devoted to the language of the country." 

From a dispatch published in the Blue Book (C ()343 49) sent by the British Resident at 
Pretoria January 27, '99 Stickney has deduced that the three principal topics engross- 
ing the minds of Uitlanders were labor, rum, and gold. But I cannot agree with this. 
There were many men of sober habits and fair minds uninfluenced by these incitants 
and also by longings for Anglo supremacy,— but they were quiet. 

When the Germans of New York agitated for German schools did they attain their 
wishes? Did not the German schools about Allentown, &c., in Pennsylvania, yield to 
those of this country f When a foreigner is determined to renounce his country and be- 
come a good citizen of another he no longer strives to retain his old language, but en- 
deavors to learn that of his adoption and is zealous to have his children instructed in it. 
The English of Johannesburg never wished to become citizens of a Dutch Republic, they 
were united in the determination to remain subjects of Great Britain. 

Kruger made proclamation ordering all to remain within pale of the law and calling 
on the well-disposed to aid him. Jacobtjs de Wet, (British agent), telegraphed the High 
Commissioner's proclamation, which ordered Jameson to retire immediately from the 8. 
A. Rep., recognizing that S. A. Rep. as a friendly State in amity with H. M. Govt. What- 
ever might have been the Govt's motives in doing this at the time it is unquestionably 
true Jameson and his officers could not have organized and moved such a force without 
its knowledge and consent. For the invaders comprised 850 Chartered men under 
Major Willoughby of the .ffciy. Horse Guards, White of 2nd Grenadier Guards, Ir&o.ej 
of Scots Guards, &c., &c., and 120 Bechuanaland Police under Grey of the bth InniskU- 
ling Dragoons and Coventry of the j^ Mil. Bat. Worcester Reg. These met at Malami, 
Dec. 30, '95, and marched two days. The High Commissioner's order reached Jameson on 
Jan. 1. He wrote in answer that he must go to Krugersdorp or Johannesburg to feed his 
men and horses 1 Fighting occurred at Krugersdorp, and Jameson was forced to retreat 
to higher ground. At Doornkop he was surrounded by the Boers under Ceonje, his men 
were overmatched and fatigued but fought bravely, at last surrendered "without a 
flag " (!) they had not fought under any ; on condition (according to Jameson) their lives 
should be spared and Jameson should reimburse the S. A. Rep. for the expenses he had 
caused it. 

Malan denying this, (and the sworn attestations of Ceonje and six witnesses affirm 
that the surrender was unconditional), declared Ceonje could have no right to agree to 
such conditions, it lay with the War Council and the Commandant Gen. to decide. The 
English contested the matter and it was a serious subject of controversy afterwards. 

Jameson lost 18 killed, 40 wounded, the Boers 4 killed, 5 wounded, in this action. Great 
humanity was shown the captives. The Boers gave up much of their own scanty stores, 
even their very blankets for their f oemens comfort, and their enemies declare they acted 
"with admirable self restraint," "with commendable dignity and great humanity." 
" Nothing could exceed the kindness of the people " says Bigelow in his W. M. A. is et 
jeg'., " they did not celebrate the event by cheers," ^^ they prayed for Jameson and his 
men'" (.') 

Officials of the British Govt, expressed great regret, but there is every reason to believe 
that if Jameson had been successful he would have been commended and the fruits of 
his victory retained. Just as Hope Popham, in his buccanneering expedition to Buenos 
Ayres in 1806, tempted to exceed orders by the wealth and weakness of that Spanish City, 
was sanctioned by the Ministry when news of his first successes and 1,000,000 dollars 
reached the Home Govt, and shortly afterwards, when his force had been captured and 
himself driven away, was court-martialled and censured by the very same Ministers ! 

There was nothing left for the Reform committee but surrender. On this committee, to 
his eternal disgrace, was an American ;— J. Hays Hammond. A disgrace to the country 
whose principles of justice and liberty he is bound by his citizenship to uphold ! A dis- 
gracer of the laws of nations, of the civilization of to-day. This man, together with Col. 
Frank Rhodes, was the representative of Cecil Rhodes of the Consol. Gold Fields Com- 
pany the Machaivelli of the whole detestable conspiracy. Kindly treated by a com- 
munity in whose territory and by whose sufferance he was drawing his tortune, a 
community which we are pleased to find afterwards did such a man the greatest evil it 
could by granting him his life. Hays Hammond was to the Boers in a lesser degree 

33 



what Arnold was to our countrymen in the revolution I he was a traitor to their Bepub. 
licanism in the interest of Monarchy. 

Careful consideration of the whole matter hasjconvlnced the writer that the grievances 
of the Uitlanders would all have been peaceably adjusted had not capitalistic interests 
and British lust for dominion prompted intermeddling. A peaceful policy and patient 
good offices on the part of Great Britain, meeting 8. A. Rep. with frankness and unself- 
ishness would have gradually ameliorated the bitterness of 100 years of almost incessant 
evil and brought about all that has been most ardently desired by the sincere on the 
conplaining side, without the shedding of one drop of the precious blood now watering 
the kopjes and veldts of Africa's soil. 

Sixty-three of the " Reformers " were tried, Phillips, Prank Rhodes, Farrar and Ham- 
mond condemned to death and the others to 2 years' imprisonment, fines of X2000, and 
3 years' banishment. All week eventually released on payment op fines insignifi- 
cant CONSIDERING THE ENORMITY OF THE OFFENSE (June 11.) Of the four Condemned to 
death, Phillipps, Farrar and Hammond signed an agreement not to meddle directly or 
indirectly in the internal or external politics of the S. A. Rep. for 15 years (as the others 
of the 63 had done for 3 years.) Rhodes refused and was escorted out of the Republic 
banished for 15 years. 

The fines amounted to, says Pitzpateick, who calls it blood money, {T. T.f W. 280), 
"from 4 of them £100,000 from 56 others £112,000 ; "—very inadequate considering the 
enormity of their conduct ! As to the pardon : — 

Queen Victoria telegraphed Pres Kruger :— " This act will redound to the credit of 
your Honor." As to the compensation to the outraged Republic :— Premier Milner 
promised to take it under consideration. It is possibly still "under" for all that is 
known. The raiders were never publicly punished or reprimanded ! Fitzpateick de- 
votes much space to the trial and treatment of the " Reformers." Remember he was 
one of the tried\ But let whoever is doubtful of Fitzpateick's impartiality, even when 
thus informed, read the first printed matter in his book {T. T. of W.) in which it is 
told, " Mr. Chamberlain, in reply to a Westmoreland correspondent complaining of a 
want of a printed defence of Govt, policy in the Transvaal, said ' I refer you to Mr. 
Fitzpatrick's bookl '" Yet many people have only gained knowledge of their Boer 
brethren from this volume ! 

In an official despatch, Chamberlain himself says ; " The Boers are a sober God. 
fearing race of men, they were admittedly kind to our wounded and the prisoners." 
And so they have proved themselves all through this unhappy war up to the very 
present, (malgre the stories of shooting under flags of truce, firing on the white flag using 
dum-dum bullets and shelling ambulances,— stories which investigated show i^zXeach 
side has been to blame with a preponderance of authentic testimony against the British 
generally through misconception unavoidable in the confusion of battle, and in the 
latter case often due to the miles of distance at whicn bombardment is now a days carried 
on,) magnanimous to the conquered, kind to the wounded and generous to the prisoners. 
Not so always the British leaders or soldiers. Read the published despatches in regard 
to this. 

1898. December. Shooting of Edgar. Petition for British Interference, 
from Uitlanders. 

T. J. Edgar, of Johannsburg, returning home at about midnight, an ill and intoxica' 
ted man made an oflFensive remark to him. Edgar knocked him insensible to the ground. 
The police were called, broke into Edgar's house, and met him in the passageway ; 
the police say he struck the constable twice on the head with an iron shod stick, Mrs. 
Edgar and other spectators say he did not strike at all and could not possibly have done 
so in the time. The policeman shot Edgar dead, he was arrested next morning on the 
charge of manslaughter and released on his comrades sureties of £200. This is the gist 
of Fitzpatrick's account {T. T. of W. 333-4.) The Boer account is that Edgar had 
struck the intoxicated man a mortal blow, and almost killed one of the policemen, who 
then shot him in self defense, Joubert {Let to V.) My correspondence with Boers verifies 
this. Worse incidents than this have occurred in our own West,— and in large English 
cities, too. 

However this may be, the indignation of the Uitlanders (English?) passed all bounds 
and five thousand odd persons marched to the British Vice Consul's office and read a 
monster petition. Acting High Comm. William Butler returned it them, refused. It 
was then re-drafted and 21000 signatures obtained in the course of the following weeks 
"by that loyal and enthusiastic little band of British subjects" (l)"who form the 
Johannesburg branch of the S. A. League. Joubert l^Let to V.) calls it a false document 
stated to have been voluntarily signed by 21000 oppressed aliens * * * if your Majesty 
would have that petition sent to Johannesburg to be publicly and impartially scrutinized 
It would soon be manifest how many thousand names appended thereto are persons who 
have never read or seen it and of numerous others who nave long been dead.' ' 

Pres. Keuqee says the petition of 23, 000 Uitlanders who signed a counter declaration, 
(of loyalty), to the 8. Afnc. Rep.) was entirely ignored. 

34 



The constable was acquitted of culpable homicide and the Judge said, thereupon •— " I 
nope the ponce under difficult circumstances will always know how to do their duty." 

MiLNEE (High Comm.), transmitted the new petition to England, and Chamberlain 
made great use of it in championing the cause of Uitlander grievances, later on, when it 
became convenient for him to alter his attitude and avow new sentiments, as he has 
found It profitable to do so many times I (Consult various speeches of the Colonial Sec 
m Parliament and at various meetings in English towns). 
1899. (May 8). Chamberlain (Commons speech) said : " To go to war with Pres. Kruger 

to enforce upon him reforms in the internal affairs of his State that would be a coujse 

of action which would be immoral." 

July. Law of Farms exempts Boer who resides on the farm, but, 
in event of war, taxes twenty pounds, the companies, association, 
corporations or partnerships who own farms. 

Sent to fall mostly on undeveloped farms whose rental value would not pay the tax 
Formulated m 1895 but was shelved for a time, declared by " the law officers of the 
Crown to be a breach of the London Convention," " it is of a price with the rest having 
Bold his farm to the Uitlander the Boer now proceeds to plunder him." The tax falls not 
only on the really valuable farms of the high veldt « « • but on the undeveloped 
outlying farms the rentals of which would not on the average suffice to nav the tax!' 
Fitzpatrick(7'. r. /■ ?F. III.) N o excuse can be made for this law. 

Chamberlain remarks ' ' The rights of our action under the Convention is limited to the 
offering oi friendly counsel in the rejection of which if itis not accepted, we must be quite 
willing to acquiesce," and " not only this Govt, but successive secretaries of State have 
pledged themselves repeatedly that they would have nothing to do with its internal 
affairs." 

(August 19) Reitz, (South African Republic Sec. for Foreign 
Affairs), official message to British Consul). Franchise Concession 
offered which Chamberlain rejects and increases his demands there- 
after. 

"The Govt, are vnlling to recommend to the Volksraad and the People a five years 
retrospective franchise as proposed by His Excellency the High Comm. at Bloemfontein 
on June 1, '99." That " eight new seats in the 1st Volksraad and, if necessary, also in the 
second Volksraad, be given to the population of the Witwatersrand, thus, with the two 
sitting members of the Gold fields, giving to the population thereof 10 representatives in 
a Raad of 36 ; and in future the representation of the Gold fields shall not fall below one- 
quarter of jthe total," that ' ' the new burghers shall equally with the old burghers be 
entitled to vote at the election for State President and Commandant General." and that 
this Govt, will always be prepared to take into consideration such friendly suggestions 
regarding the details of the Franchise Law as her Majesty's Govt, through the British 
Agent may wish to convey to it." In putting forward these proposals the S. A. Rep as- 
sumes that no precedent for similar action will be based on the present intervention that 
the assertion of Suzerainty will not further be insisted on and that arbitration will be con- 
ceded as soon as the Franchise scheme has become law. 

But Chamberlain rejected these proposals ; reasonable as they are, and practically 
identical as they can be proven to be with his o^'o. former wishes. 

The Boer Govt, withdrew theirs and desired Great Britain to adhere to the original ones 
which they had previously declared to be both fair and liberal to the new population, in 
their opinion. England was then massing troops. 

Chamberlain replied that " the Imperial Govt, are now compelled to consider the situa- 
tion afresh and formulate proposals for a final settlement of the issues in S. Africa " &c 
(Sept. 22). These proposals appear to have never been formulated. 

On Oct. 9, the Boer Govt, demanded the troops be withdrawn from their frontier and 
that the despatch of others to S. Africa, pending the negotiations, should stop. They sug- 
gested AKBiTEATioN a second time. 

Chamberlain ignored the request for arbitration and the English Govt, went on prepar- 
ing for war and endeavoring to accumulate such a force as should crush all resistance. 

In fact, the whole treatment of the subject by Chamberlain was calculated to exasper 
ate a brave, free, cruelly injured people, yet he has only continued what his predecessors 
began. " Our whole dealing with the Boers from the Great Trek to to-day '*^says Stead 
(R. of R.) has not been such as to justify any confidence in our honesty, good faith, or 
even in our permanent consistency, in any given course." 

35 



Oct. 11. Boer government declared war. An act compelled by the conviction that delay 
would mean the loss of the only opportunity of offering substantial resistance {Bait. News 
Nov. 7.) 

Oct. 19 Chamberlain, in a 2 hour speech calculated largely to appeal to the vanity and 
ardor of the people, declared the Jameson Raid affair closed by the finding of Parlia- 
mentary inquiry, he refused to produce a letter, written to him by Hawkesly of the S. 
African Co.; said to contain specific proofs of the complicity of the Colonial office in the 
Raid ; offering, however, if asked, to show it to two persons who were parties to the sup- 
pression of the inquiry. He further stated that: "Great Britain must remain the 
PARAMOUNT POWER IN S. AFRICA, I do not mean paramount in the German and Portugiisee 
possessions, but in the two republics, and the British Colonies. * * * The whole object 
of tnese Boers has been to oust the Queen from her position as suzerain. * * * The 
Transvaal and the Free State have an ideal which is dangerous to Great Britain." 
Yet we were told before that Chamberlain was only taking Uitlander grievances to heart I 
MiLNER, later, in answering Molteno, (Dutch leader in the Cape Legislature), as to the 
reason of the war, replied " I am determined to break the dominion of Afrikandeb- 
DOm" {Times, Nov. 4, 'gg.) 

The Boer Govt, did not cause war, it existed the moment Great Britain strengthened 
her force in 8. Africa ' ' A. Carnegie {Nov., i8gg). 

And this war is aggravated by the fact that five times has England (in 1836, 1852, 1864 
1881 & 1884), solemnly promised these persecuted people self government, only to shame 
fully violate her guarantees each time 1 

Great sympathy was aroused in Europe, America and among the Cape Dutch. There 
are now some 600,000 Dutch or Africander Dutch in S. Africa, and the great majority, no 
one knows how bitterly, resent this war F. Selous {World, Nov. 12, iSgg). " The great 
majority of our people ' ' (U. S.), ' ' condemn the S. African War. The efforts of England 
to call it a war of civilization and compare it with our war with Spain are looked ujwn 
as absurd * • * Far better might she compare it with her wars against the American 
ColaaiQS,."— {Baltimore American). 

Here I conclude this melancholy recital of incontrovertible facts, facts which exhibit 
England's conduct throughout the whole century in a most unenviable light, the first 
Boer colony acquired by fraud and force, and retained under a harsh, stern, military rule, 
the currency redeemed and slaves set free without just return to their former holders, 
who, avoiding civil war. and seeking peace, migrate and found a new colony, followed 
by the persecution of the British, and occupying it but a few years, ere the all-seeking 
paw of the greedy lioa is laid upon them. Then we see the Boers a second time gather 
his household and effects about him and pass the Drakensburg and seek in new lands 
freedom and peace, away from British jealousy and British greed. 

Did he find this Elysium ? No 1 Fitzpatrick says it was a Chimera 1 

It was no more a Chimera, — that glorious ideal for which the Boer of 1836 braved the 
terrors of the wilderness and poured out his blood,— than that precisely similar ideal for 
■which the American of 1776 strove and gained, had the ambition of Great Britain ceased 
to menace him. Our struggling country had no great rival colony on its confines, had 
no overwhelming tribes to contend with at the time of England's attacks, had a long in- 
terval between tnose invasions to increase in wealth and population and had the sym- 
iiathies of foreign nations to uphold it in its steady rise. But the unfortunate Boer found 
Mmself facing the utter reverse of all these advantages. And yet in the face of all the 
glaring contradictions of the recent year, Fitzpatrick {T. T. f W. 11) has the effrontery 
to state " Justice rules where ignorance and bias sat, liberty where there was interfer- 
ence (.') protection from oppression," etc. * * * * " But the Boer sees with the eyes 
of sixty years ago." Singular if he did not! " They trekked and trekked and trekked 
again but the flag of England * * * * was close by, behind, beside in front or over 
them and the something they could not fight, the ever advancing tide of civilization 
lapped at their feet." For Mr. Fitzpatricks " Civilization " read lust of gold and dominion 
and you read aright. No, it was no Chimera I 

In reviewing the whole relations of the Boers with other nations, we cannot but 
acknowledge their perfect capacity to govern and uphold themselves as a free people, 
witness their defeat of the Zulus under Dingaan in 1838, their decisive repulse of the Eng- 
lish in 1881, their admirable method of dealing with the Jameson Raid, and the heroic 
resistance they are now making to all the veteran hosts of their persistent enemy. 

But to continue : — 

An endless interference on the part of the English with the relations of the Republics 
with the native tribes, tribes they were themselves, slaughtering in thousands in their 
repeated bloody wars, tribes whose lands they were annexing in every direction and 
under any pretext to prevent the extension of Boer territory, and Boer access to the sea, 
tribes whom they were more at war with than any of the Boer colonies had ever been, 
follows, interspersed with the theft of the Diamond fields the seizure of the Orange Free 
State, and of the Transvaal, under most discreditable circumstances, the imposal of the 

36 



arbitrary Pretoria and London Treaties under menance of superior force, the stirring up 
of the Uitlanders to demand ideal reforms, the indefensible raid on the S. A. Republic, 
the chicanery of Chamberlain and lastly, the interference in its internal affairs and the 
collection of large bodies of troops in the Colony and on the frontiers which forced the 
war. Civilization should blush, — Humanity awaken, — act! This infamous war must 
be stopped, the swelling tide of English conquest arrasted, the shameful intrigues of 
Chamberlain and Rhodes defeated, not one cubic inch of the rich Witwatersrand permit- 
ted to accrue to the Dominion of Great Britain, and the absolute freedom of high-souled 
men who have shown they can die for their glorious ideal facing six times their numbers 
in the battle field, assured at once and forever. 

Let it be intimated to England, and such as her, that the Boer Republics under the laws 
of our days have rights within themselves all nations are bound to respect, that the law- 
less times of Cortez and Pizarro are forever flown, and that all professedly civilized 
countries reverting to barbarism to achieve their vile and selfish ends will be promptly 
corrected, and forced to make restitution to the injured they have wantonly despoiled. 

Countries can uo longer hold themselves aloof, from contact with the great principles 
agitating and involving the entire world, they must take an active part, or themselves 
retrograde and suffer. It is demanded as a necessity, as a voucher of our progress, as a 
confutation of the old barbaric maxim, 

" They should take who have the power 
'And they should keep who can," 

that we:— 

INTERVENE I 



ABBREVIATIONS USED OF WORKS CONSULTED. 

Olive Scheiener " The South African Question" 1899 (S. A. Q.) 

McFarlane & Thomson " Comprehensive Hist, of England,'''' Blackie <St Co. (C. H. of B.> 
" Colonial records and letters " (C. R. L.) 
Theal's " Hist, of Boers,'''' (H. of B.) 
Nixon " Story of the Transvaal," 1885, (S. of T.) 
FiTZPATEiCK's " The Transvaal from Within " 1900, (T. T. f W.) 
Beyce " Impressions of S. Africa" (I. of S. A.) 
Joubeet " Letter to Victoria June 15, '99 " (Let. to V.) 
Cloete " Story of Great Boer Trek," (S. of G. B. T.> 
J. King '■'■fameson's Raid" London, 1896, (Js. R.) 
J. Hopkins " Forum " Dec. 1899, (F.) 
Claeke's " Transvaal,'' ' (Tr.) 

Cartee, T. F. " Narrative of Boer War^ ' (N. of B. W.> 
Stead " Review of Reviews ' ' Nov. 1899, 593, (R. of R.) 
Maetineatj " Life of Bar tie Frere ' ' (M. L. of B. F.) 
Bishop COLENSO " Natal letters ' ' (N. L.) 
J. A. HoBSON " War in S. Africa,'"' 1900, (W. S. A.) 
YOTJNGHUSBAND " South Africa of To-day," London, 1899, (8. A. of T.) 
Aylward' s works and letters (Aylward.) 

Mes. Hammond " A Womans Part in a Revolution, " (A. W. P. in A. R.) 
P. BiGELOW " White man's Africa, " (W. M. A.) 
Beyce's ^^ Story of South Africa," (&. of S.A.) 

" " American Commonwealth,'''' 1897. (A. C,) 
Auos Dean '■'■ History of Civilization," 'i vol., 1869. 
Consul at Pretoria " Oom Paul's People," (O. P's P.) 
And various letters, state documents, records, histories of United States, England, et al, — 

encylopedias,— (aggregating some forty works), &c. 
Newspaper despatches, I have rarely referred to, recognizing their uncertainty, but have 

gone back to authentic records as much as possible. 

37 



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